Recent investigations suggest that the viruses of the family
Herpesviridae are associated with periodontal disease, demonstrating a possible
association with the presence of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Herpes Simplex
Virus 1 (HSV-1) and Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) in periodontal tissues. Aim: To
analyze the association between the presence of HSV-1, HCMV and EBV in patients
with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. Methods: Crevicular fluid samples
were collected from 11 patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), 11 with
chronic periodontitis (CP) and 11 healthy control subjects (CG). The following
clinical parameters were measured: plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing
(BOP), probing depths (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Viral detection
was performed by PCR for HSV-1, HCMV and EBV. Results: HCMV was detected in
27.3% of AgP patients but not detected in CP and healthy subjects; HSV-1 in
27.3% of AgP and CP group and in 9.1% of CG. EBV-1 was detected in 18.2% of CP
patients and 9.1% of the CG. HCMV and HSV-1 coinfection was detected in 18.8%
of AgP patients and 9.09% of viral coinfection between HSV-1 and VEB, within
the CP group. The AgP group exhibited the higher values for all clinical parameters
evaluated, respect to the CP and control group. Conclusion: The presence of
HCMV may be related to periodontal disease, specifically in cases of AgP, and
it may play a synergistic role with other infectious agents from the oral
cavity associated with the development of periodontitis.
Cite this paper
Hernández, H. H. , Fernandes, A. S. , Escalona, L. A. and Correnti, M. (2016). Herpes Simplex Virus 1, Cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr Virus Detection in Patients with Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis. Open Access Library Journal, 3, e2557. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102557.
Bilichodmath,
S., Mangalekar, S., Sharma, D., Prabhakar, A., Reddy, S., Kalburgi, N., et al. (2009) Herpesviruses in Chronic and
Aggressive Periodontitis Patients in an Indian Population. Journal of Oral Science, 51, 79-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.51.79
Zakay-Rones,
Z., Ehrlich, J., Hochman, N. and Levy, R. (1973) The Sulcular Epithelium as a Reservoir
for Herpes Simplex Virus in Man. Journal
of Periodontology, 44, 779-781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1973.44.12.779
Gordon,
G., Uhlendorf, C., Baer, P. and Baron, S. (1974) Studies of Herpes Simplex
Virus and Interferon in Human Gingival Cell Cultures. Journal of Periodontology, 46, 86-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1975.46.2.86
McLennan,
J. and Darby, G. (1980) Herpes Simplex Virus Latency: The Cellular Location of Virus
in Dorsal Root Ganglia and the Fate of the Infected Cell Following Virus
Activation. Journal of General Virology,
51, 233-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-51-2-233
Zakay-Rones, Z., Hochman, N.
and Rones, Y. (1981) Immunological Response to Herpes Simplex Virus in Human
Gingival Fluid. Journal of Periodontology,
53, 42-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1982.53.1.42
Hochman, N., Rones, Y.,
Ehrlich, J., Levy, R. and Zakay-Rones, Z. (1981) Antibodies to Herpes Simplex
Virus in Human Gingival Fluid. Journal of
Periodontology, 52, 324-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1981.52.6.324
Rones, Y., Hochman, N., Ehrlich, J. and Zakay-Rones, Z. (1982)
Sensitivity of Oral Tissues to Herpes Simplex Virus—in Vitro. Journal of Periodontology, 54, 91-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1983.54.2.91
Honess, R. (1984) Herpes
Simplex and “the Herpes Complex”. Diverse Observations and a Unifying Hypothesis. Journal of General Virology, 65,
2077-2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-65-12-2077
Kameyama, T., Sujaku, C.,
Yamamoto, S., Hwang, C. and Shillitoe, E. (1988) Shedding of Herpes Simplex
Virus Type 1 into Saliva. Journal of Oral
Pathology, 17, 478-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01320.x
Ehrlich,
J., Cohen, G. and Hochman N. (1982) Specific Herpes Simplex Virus Antigen in Human
Gingival. Journal of Periodontology, 54,
357-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1983.54.6.357
Contreras, A., Flakler, W.,
Enwonwu, C., Idigbe, E., Savage, K., Afolabi, M., et al. (1997) Human Herpesviridae in Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative
Gingivitis in Children in Nigeria. Oral
Microbiology and Immunology, 12, 259-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.1997.tb00389.x
Contreras,
A., Umeda, M., Chen, C., Bakker, I., Morrinson, J. and Slots, J. (1999)
Relationship between Herpesviruses and Adult Periodontitis and Periodontophatic
Bacteria. Journal of Periodontology, 70,
478-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1999.70.5.478
Contreras,
A., Zadeh, H., Nowzari, H. and Slots, J. (2000) Herpesviruses Infection of Inflammatory
Cells in Human Periodontitis. Oral
Microbiology and Immunology, 14, 206-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-302X.1999.140402.x
Parra,
B. and Slots, J. (1996) Detections of Human Viruses in Periodontal Pockets
Using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 5, 289-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.1996.tb00183.x
Botero, J., Parra, B. and Contreras, A. (2008)
Citomegalovirus y microorganismos periodontopáticos subgingivales en
periodontitis crónica y agresiva. Revista
Odontológica Mexicana, 12, 70-75.
Eres, G.,
Alt?ok, E., Ozkul, A. and A??kel, C. (2011) Subgingival Epstein Barr and
Cytomegalovirus Occurrence in Pregnancy Gingivitis. Journal of Periodontology, 82, 1676-1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2011.100587
Armitage, G.C. (1999) Development
of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions. Annals of Periodontology, 4, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1
Silness,
J. and Loe, H. (1964) Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy. Correlation between Oral
Hygene and Oral Condition. Acta
Odontologica Scandinavica, 22, 121-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016356408993968
Van
Dongen, J., Langerak, A., Brüggemann, M., Evans, P., Hummel, M., Lavender, F., et al. (2003) Design and Standardization
of RCP Primers and Protocols for Detection of Clonal Immunoglobulin and T-Cell
Receptor Gene Recombinations in Suspect Lymphoproliferations: Report of the
BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4 CT98-3936. Leukemia, 17, 2257-2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2403202
Hilders, I. (2002) Relación entre el grupo de virus de la
familia Herpesviridae y la Enfermedad Periodontal. Specialization Dissertation,
Central University of Venezuela, Caracas.
Kamma,
J., Contreras, A. and Slots, J. (2004) Herpes Viruses and Periodontopathic
Bacteria in Early-Onset Forms of Periodontal Disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 39, 81-86.
Yapar, M., Saygun, I.,
Ozdemir, A., Kubar, A. and Sahin, S. (2003) Prevalence of Human Herpesviruses in
Patients with Aggressive Periodontitis. Journal
of Periodontology, 74, 1634-1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2003.74.11.1634
Sharma,
R., Padmalatha, O., Kaarthikeyan, G., Jayakumar, N., Varghese, S. and Sherif,
K. (2012) Comparative Analysis of Presence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein
Barr Virus-1 (EBV-1) in Cases of Chronic Periodontitis and Aggressive
Periodontitis with Controls. Indian
Journal of Dental Research, 23, 454-458. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.104948
Watanabe,
S., Correia, J., Rebello, M., Da costa, J. and Gomez, R. (2007) EBV 1 and HCMV
in Aggressive Periodontitis in Brazilian Patients. Brazilian Oral
Research, 21, 336-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242007000400010
Das,
S., Prakash, S. and Gopalakrishnan, S. (2012) Detection of Human Herpes Viruses
in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Relationship between Viruses and
Clinical Parameters. Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Patholgy, 16, 203-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.98502
Mayorga-Fayad,
I., Lafaurie, G., Contreras, A., Castillo, D., Barón, A. and Aya, M. (2007)
Microflora subgingival en periodontitis crónica y agresiva en Bogotá, Colombia:
un acercamiento epidemiológico. Biomédica, 27, 21-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v27i1.230
Imbronito,
A., Okuda, O., De Freitas, N., Fraga, R. and Daumas, F. (2008)
Detection of Herpesviruses and Periodontal Pathogens in Subgingival Plaque of Patients
with Chronic Periodontitis, Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis, or gingivitis. Journal of Periodontology, 79,
2313-2321. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1902/Jop.2008.070388
Beader,
N. and Ivi?-Kardum, M. (2011) The Role of Cytomegalovirus Infection in the Pathogenesis
of Periodontal Diseases. Acta Clinica
Croatica, 50, 61-66.
Saygun, I., Kubar, A.,
?zdemir, A., Yapar, M. and Slots, J. (2004) Herpesviral-Bacterial Interrelationships in Aggressive
Periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research,
39, 207-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00728.x
Sharma,
S., Tapashetti, R., Patil, R., Kalra, S., Bhat, G. and Guvva, S. (2015)
Revelation of Viral-Bacterial Interrelationship in Aggressive Periodontitis via Polymerase
Chain Reaction: A Microbiological Study. Journal of International Oral Health, 7, 101-107.
Wara-aswapati,
N., Boch, J.A. and Auron, P.E. (2003) Activation of Interleukin 1 Gene
Transcription by Human Cytomegalovirus: Molecular Mechanisms and Relevance to Periodontitis. Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 18,
67-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-302X.2003.00053.x