Breakfast is considered an
important meal for daily appetite control. We examined the effect of high-protein
breakfasts on within-day appetite sensations and subsequent ad libitum intake, in men and women. Twenty
subjects attended on 4 occasions, to consume in a randomised order high-protein
(30% energy) breakfast meals, as, 1) maintenance (MTD) fed to energy requirements
(2.67 MJ), 2) a weight-loss (WL) bacon-based meal breakfast (WL-B, 2.13 MJ), 3)
a WL-chicken salad (WL-CS, 2.13 MJ) and 4) a WL-smoothie (WL-S, 2.08 MJ). The 3
HP-WL breakfasts elicited differences in hunger (p = 0.007), fullness (p =
0.029), desire to eat (p = 0.006) and
prospective consumption (p = 0.020).
The WL-B meal reduced hunger (p = 0.002)
and enhanced fullness (p = 0.02),
compared with the two other WL breakfasts. Although these differences were not
reflected in ad libitum energy intake
later in the day, a HP breakfast can modify morning satiety, which is important
during dieting.
References
[1]
Astbury, N.M., Taylor, M.A. and Macdonald, I.A. (2011) Breakfast Consumption Affects Appetite, Energy Intake, and the Metabolic and Endocrine Responses to Foods Consumed Later in the Day in Male Habitual Breakfast Eaters. Journal of Nutrition, 141, 1381-1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.128645
[2]
Bendtsen, L.Q., Lorenzen, J.K., Bendsen, N., Rasmussen, C. and Astrup, A. (2013) Effect of Dairy Proteins on Appetite, Energy Expenditure, Body Weight, and Composition: A Review of the Evidence from Controlled Clinical Trials. Advances in Nutrition, 4, 418-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/an.113.003723
[3]
Astrup, A. (2005) The Satiating Power of Protein—A Key to Obesity Prevention? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82, 1-2.
[4]
Leidy, H.J., Bossingham, M.J., Mattes, R.D. and Campbell, W.W. (2009) Increased Dietary Protein Consumed at Breakfast Leads to an Initial and Sustained Feeling of Fullness during Energy Restriction Compared to Other Meal Times. British Journal of Nutrition, 101, 798-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508051532
[5]
Veldhorst, M.A.B., Nieuwenhuizen, A.G., Hochstenbach-Waelen, A., et al. (2009) Comparison of the Effects of a Highand Normal-Casein Breakfast on Satiety, “Satiety” Hormones, Plasma Amino Acids and Subsequent Energy Intake. British Journal of Nutrition, 101, 295-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508003061
[6]
Uhe, A.M., Collier, G.R. and O’Dea, K. (1992) A Comparison of the Effects of Beef, Chicken and Fish Protein on Satiety and Amino Acid Profiles in Lean Male Subjects. Journal of Nutrition, 122, 467-472.
[7]
Lang, V., Bellisle, F., Oppert, J., et al. (1998) Satiating Effect of Proteins in Healthy Subjects: A Comparison of Egg Albumin, Casein, Gelatin, Soy Protein, Pea Protein, and Wheat Gluten. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67, 11971204.
[8]
Dougkas, A., Minihane, A.M., Givens, D.I., Reynolds, C.K. and Yaqoob, P. (2012) Differential Effects of Dairy Snacks on Appetite, but Not Overall Energy Intake. British Journal of Nutrition, 108, 2274-2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512000323
[9]
National Research Council (1989) Energy. In: Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th Edition, National Academies Press, Washington DC, 24-38.
[10]
Flint, A., Raben, A., Blundell, J.E. and Astrup, A. (2000) Reproducibility, Power and Validity of Visual Analogue Scales in Assessment of Appetite Sensations in Single Test Meal Studies. International Journal of Obesity, 24, 38-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801083
[11]
Pal, S. and Ellis, V. (2010) The Acute Effects of Four Protein Meals on Insulin, Glucose, Appetite and Energy Intake in Lean Men. British Journal of Nutrition, 104, 1241-1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510001911
[12]
Anderson, G.H., Tecimer, S.N., Shah, D. and Zafar, T.A. (2004) Protein Source, Quantity, and Time of Consumption Determine the Effect of Proteins on Short-Term Food Intake in Young Men. Journal of Nutrition, 134, 3011-3015.
[13]
Crum, A.J., Corbin, W.R., Brownell, K.D. and Salovey, P. (2011) Mind over Milkshakes: Mindsets, Not Just Nutrients, Determine Ghrelin Response. Health Psychology, 30, 424-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023467
[14]
Brunstrom, J.M., Brown, S., Hinton, E.C., Rogers, P.J. and Fay, S.H. (2011) “Expected Satiety” Changes Hunger and Fullness in the Inter-Meal Interval. Appetite, 56, 310-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.002
[15]
Martens, M.J.I. and Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S. (2012) Mode of Consumption Plays a Role in Alleviating Hunger and Thirst. Obesity, 20, 517-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.345
[16]
Mourao, D.M., Bressan, J., Campbell, W.W. and Mattes, R.D. (2011) Effects of Food Form on Appetite and Energy Intake in Lean and Obese Young Adults. International Journal of Obesity, 31, 1688-1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803667
[17]
Leidy, H.J., Bales-Voelker, L.I. and Harris, C.T. (2011) A Protein-Rich Beverage Consumed as a Breakfast Meal Leads to Weaker Appetitive and Dietary Responses v. a Protein-Rich Solid Breakfast Meal in Adolescents. British Journal of Nutrition, 106, 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511000122
[18]
Schlundt, D.G., Hill, J.O., Sbrocco, T., Pope-Cordle, J. and Sharp, T. (1992) The Role of Breakfast in the Treatment of Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55, 645-651.
