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Jan 06, 2026Open Access
This study utilizes an ordered probit model to analyze the determinants of sovereign credit ratings for East African countries from 2010 to 2022, based on ratings from major agencies. The findings reveal that the impact of various macroeconomic factors—such as GDP growth, GDP per capita, external debt, current account balance, inflation, and unemployment—differs according to the income level of each country. In high-income countries, GDP and the rule of law are the most significant determinants,...
Dec 08, 2025Open Access
Agriculture continues to play a significant role in Tanzania’s economy, offering employment opportunities, ensuring food security, and generating revenue through exports. In recent years, China has emerged as one of Tanzania’s key trading partners. The primary exports from Tanzania to China include agricultural products such as tobacco, cashew nuts, coffee, and sesame. Despite the optimistic prospects, the trade relationship encounters strategic and structural challenges that necessitate further...
May 30, 2025Open Access
This paper explores the complex dynamics influencing the appreciation of parallel market rates in African nations amidst tight liquidity conditions. The research identifies key economic factors such as the scarcity of foreign currency, inflationary pressures, interest rate differentials, and speculation, which drive individuals and businesses toward parallel markets. Additionally, social dimensions, including public perception, increased informal transactions, and the role of remittances—are fou...
Apr 28, 2023Open Access
The global COVID-19 has been in a repeating phase from 2019 to 2022, which has had a significant negative influence on commerce and the economy worldwide. The impact of the automotive industry has also altered significantly throughout this time. Several nations are scurrying to take advantage of the chance to revive the industrial sector. In an effort to help China’s automotive industry overcome the challenges posed by COVID-19 and actively integrate into the ASEAN market, this project will comb...
Feb 16, 2023Open Access
Amazon went from a peak of 15.4% of China’s e-commerce market share in 2008 to announce in 2019 that it would no longer operate parts of the Chinese domestic market. One of the most important reasons for the failure of Amazon (China) is the lack of a perfect combination of global expansion and localization in China. Taking Amazon (China) as an example, this paper analyzes a large amount of literature and examples, obtains a large amount of secondary data, takes strategy localization development ...
Sep 05, 2022Open Access
This paper investigates the impact of trade openness on domestic investment in selected Sub-Saharan African countries. The study uses panel data of 19 African countries covering the study period 1980-2020. This research uses as a baseline model the pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and fixed effects (FE) with robust standards errors and assuming an AR(1) disturbances. Further, we estimated the fixed effects with country specific effects assuming AR(1) disturbances and adjusted for autocorrelati...
Feb 14, 2022Open Access
Saturated domestic markets and increasing cost pressures, coupled with the expansion of the middle class across emerging markets, create a fertile environment for today’s retailers to tap into new revenue potential abroad in countries like Indonesia. Commerce is an international business, giving retail giants, such as the British retailer Tesco, a wealth of experience in foreign markets. Yet, there are many modes of entry available to them, requiring detailed evaluation in the run-up to expansio...
Aug 04, 2021Open Access
Italian wine industry enjoys its fame for its long history, high quality and rich varieties. Its market share in China ranks fifth. COVID-19 has affected the sales in both domestic and Chinese markets. Feasible targeted strategies for wine business are developing an online sale, providing more communication.
Jul 28, 2021Open Access
Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow activities are seen as a threat to the survival of resource-constrained SMEs in Ghana. Hence, this preconception stifles collaborations between foreign and local businesses. Therefore, to justify the need for such collaborations, we estimate the relationship between FDI inflow activities and SMEs’ strategic decision making as well as the mediating role of interfirm value co-creation using the structural equation model. Using data survey responses of 856 Gha...
Jun 28, 2021Open Access
In logistics-related research, green logistics is the top priority of modern circulation reform. This article describes the research hotspots and evolutionary trends of green logistics in the past ten years by analyzing relevant literature. This paper uses visual analysis tools (such as VosViewer, CiteSpace, etc.) to analyze the knowledge graph of 304 papers. This article analyzes the co- occurrence of keywords, article citations, timeline graphs, and emergent keywords. The results show that rel...
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