Technology for renewable energy has grown considerably in the 21st century, mostly due to the urgent need to fight climate change and decrease dependence on fossil fuels. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress made in solar, wind, and hydropower energy systems, highlighting key technological breakthroughs and emerging trends. In the solar energy sector, innovations in photovoltaic materials, efficiency enhancements, and integration with smart grid technologies have played a crucial role in accelerating adoption. Wind energy has seen notable developments in turbine design, offshore deployment, and energy storage solutions aimed at addressing variability and grid compatibility. Hydropower, while a mature technology, continues to evolve through innovations in small-scale systems, pumped-storage techniques, and environmentally sustainable practices. The review also examines how various technologies function together, highlighting the growing significance of integrated renewable energy frameworks and hybrid systems. Future prospects for sustainable and resilient energy systems are examined, along with issues including intermittency, environmental effect, and governmental impediments. Overall, the paper emphasizes how important technology development is in influencing the world’s shift to a cleaner and safer energy future.
Cite this paper
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