Culex quinquefasciatus is a major source of culicidian nuisance in the city of Brazzaville. To fight against this nuisance, the populations use different means of control, in particular the insecticide sprays sold on the market. This study was carried out in August and October 2016, and in January 2017. The objective was to assess the sensitivity of Culex quinquefasciatus to insecticides used in public health in order to adopt effective control strategies against this mosquito. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae bred to obtain adult mosquitoes were collected from different waste water collections in the city. Susceptibility tests were carried out according to the WHO protocol (1998) with Culex females aged 2 to 5 days. The insecticides used were DDT 4%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, carbosulfan 0.6%, bendiocarb 0.1%, fenitrothion 1%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, malathion 5% and cylfluthrin 0.15%. Susceptibility tests showed high levels of resistance to all insecticides used. Culex quinquefasciatus being resistant to these insecticides, the identification of the mechanisms that support this resistance is necessary to put in place an effective strategic plan.
Cite this paper
Bikouta, G. O. T. N. , Bitsindou, P. , Okassa, M. B. M. , Dibangou, V. and Lenga, A. (2025). Sensitivity of Culex quinquefasciatus to Insecticides Used in Brazzaville (Republic of Congo). Open Access Library Journal, 12, e13921. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1113921.
Mattingly, P.F., Rozeboom, L.E., Knight, K.L., Laven, H., Drummond, F.H., Christophers, S.R., et al. (1951) The Culex pipiens Complex. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 102, 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1951.tb00752.x
Subra, R. (1980) Biology and Control of Culex pipiens Quin-quefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera, Culicidae) with Special Reference to Africa. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 1, 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400000618
Maxwell, C.A., Mohammed, K., Kisumku, U. and Curtis, C.F. (1999) Can Vector Control Play a Useful Supplementary Role against Bancroftian Filariasis? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77, 138-143.
Murray, K.O., Mertens, E. and Desprès, P. (2010) West Nile Virus and Its Emergence in the United States of America. Veterinary Research, 41, Article No. 14. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres/2010039
Simonsen, P.E., Pedersen, E.M., Rwegoshora, R.T., Malecela, M.N., Derua, Y.A. and Magesa, S.M. (2010) Lymphatic Filariasis Control in Tanzania: Effect of Repeated Mass Drug Administration with Ivermectin and Albendazole on Infection and Transmission. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 4, e696. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000696
Lima-Camara, T.N. (2016) Emerging Arboviruses and Public Health Challenges in Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública, 50, Article No. 36. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1518-8787.2016050006791
Uttah, E.C., Wokem, G.N. and Okonofua, C. (2013) The Abundance and Biting Patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Culicidae) in the Coastal Region of Nigeria. ISRN Zoology, 2013, Article ID: 640691. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/640691
Yadouléton, A., Badirou, K., Agbanrin, R., Jöst, H., Attolou, R., Srinivasan, R., et al. (2015) Insecticide Resistance Status in Culex quinquefasciatus in Be-nin. Parasites & Vectors, 8, Article No. 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0638-3
Hougard, J.M., Mbentengam, R., Lochouarn, L., Escaffre, H., Darriet, F., Barbazan, P., et al. (1993) Lutte contre Culex quinquefasciatus par Bacillus sphaericus: Résultats d’une campagne pilote dans une grande agglomération urbaine d’Afrique équatoriale. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 71, 367-375.
Bitsindou, G.G.P. (1986) Influence de l’urbanisation sur la répartition des moustiques (Culex, Anopheles) et l’intensité de la transmission du paludisme à Brazzaville. DGRST/ ORSTOM, 449-458.
Nianga Bikouta, G.O.T. (2014) Evaluation de la faune culicidienne agressive nocturne et des indicateurs nécessaires au suivi de la lutte contre les vecteurs du paludisme à Madibou et à Moungali (Brazzaville). Marien Ngouabi.
Abbott, W.S. (1925) A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18, 265-267. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/18.2.265a
Chandre, F., Darriet, F., Doannio, J.M.C., Rivière, F., Pasteur, N. and Guillet, P. (1997) Distribu-tion of Organophosphate and Carbamate Resistance in Culex pipiens Quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in West Africa. Journal of Medical Entomology, 34, 664-671. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/34.6.664
Thanispong, K., Sathantriphop, S. and Chareonviriyaphap, T. (2008) Insecticide Resistance of Aedes Aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in Thailand. Journal of Pesticide Science, 33, 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.g08-12
Fofana, D., Koné, A.B., Koné, N., Konan, Y., Doannio, J.M.C. and N’goran, K.E. (2012) Sensibilité de Culex quinquefasciatus aux pyréthrinoïdes en relation avec le niveau d’urbanisation et l’évacuation des eaux usées dans la commune de Yopougon à Abidjan (Côte-d’Ivoire). Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique, 105, 230-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-012-0235-z
Kudom, A.A., Mensah, B.A., Froeschl, G., Rinder, H. and Boakye, D. (2015) DDT and Pyrethroid Resistance Status and Laboratory Evaluation of Bio-Efficacy of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets against Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex Decens in Ghana. Acta Tropica, 150, 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.009
Demba Kodindo, K., Kana-Mbang, A., Moundai, T., Nakebang Fadel, A., Yangalbé-Kalnoné, E., Mahamat Oumar, A., et al. (2018) Suscepibility of Anopheles Gambiae Sl and Culex quin-quefasciatus to Diverse Insecticides in the City of N’djamena. Mé-decine et Santé Tropicales, 28, 154-157. https://doi.org/10.1684/mst.2018.0778
Fagbohun, I.K., Oyeniyi, T.A., Idowu, T.E., Otubanjo, O.A. and Awolola, S.T. (2019) Cytochrome P450 Mono-Oxygenase and Resistance Phenotype in DDT and Deltame-thrin-Resistant Anopheles Gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus in Kosofe, Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Medical Entomology, 56, 817-821. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz006
Talipouo, A., Mavridis, K., Nchoutpouen, E., Djiappi-Tchamen, B., Fotakis, E.A., Kopya, E., et al. (2021) High Insecticide Resistance Mediated by Different Mechanisms in Culex quinquefasci-atus Populations from the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Scientific Reports, 11, Article No. 7322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86850-7
Berchi, S., Aouati, A. and Louadi, K. (2012) Typologie des gîtes propices au développe-ment larvaire de Culex pipiens L. 1758 (Diptera-Culicidae), source de nuisance à Constantine (Algérie). Ecologia mediterranea, 38, 5-16. https://doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.2012.1311
Oduola, A.O., Obembe, A., Adelaja, O.J. and Ande, A.T. (2016) Surveillance and Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Culicine Mosquitoes in Selected Communities Utilizing Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets in Kwara State, Nigeria. Animal Research International, 13, 2483-2491.
Toto, J.C., Besnard, P., Le Mire, J., Almeida, D.S.I., Dos Santos, M.A., Fortes, F., et al. (2011) Premiers tests OMS d’évaluation de la sensibilité aux insecticides chez Anophe-les gambiae et Culex quinquefasciatus à Lobito, Angola. Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique, 104, 307-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-010-0125-1
Mouchet, J. (1988) Agriculture and Vector Resistance. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 9, 297-302. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400006238
