Numerous noninfectious conditions that affect the oral mucosa often present similarly as ulcerations, erythema, or plaques in addition to infectious causes. These include immune-mediated diseases like pemphigus vulgaris, mucous membrane pemphigoid, Behçet disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as potentially malignant conditions like leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and oral lichen planus. Actinic cheilitis, oral submucous fibrosis, and graft-versus-host disease are among the other conditions that exhibit distinct oral features with systemic implications. Since many lesions may indicate malignancy or systemic disease, accurate clinical and histopathological evaluation is necessary for diagnosis. Improved patient outcomes are made possible by prompt intervention and early recognition.
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