全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

The Goldman Hodgkin and Katz Errors

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1113290, PP. 1-12

Subject Areas: Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Biophysics

Keywords: Membrane Theory, Membrane Potential, Nernst, Bernstein, GHK Equation, Biophysics, Biology

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

The Goldman Hodgkin and Katz equation (GHK) is regarded as a cornerstone in the field of biology. The GHK equation expands upon Bernstein’s hypothesis. Bernstein had originally employed the Nernst equation to validate his theory. Consequently, the GHK equation is also logically derived from the Nernst equation. Contemporary understanding in chemistry and electrochemistry conclusively indicates that the GHK equation contains fundamental flaws, as it deviates from the primary intent of the Nernst equation and incorporates parameters that are entirely inappropriate.

Cite this paper

Delalande, B. , Tamagawa, H. and Matveev, V. (2025). The Goldman Hodgkin and Katz Errors. Open Access Library Journal, 12, e3290. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1113290.

References

[1]  Bernstein, J. (1902) Untersuchungen zur Thermodynamik der bioelektrischen Strome. Pflüger Archiv für die Gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Thiere, 92, 521-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01790181
[2]  Nernst, W. (2003) Begründung der Theoretischen Chemie: Neun Abhandlungen, 1889-1921. Verlag Harri Deutsch.
[3]  Goldman, D.E. (1943) Potential, Impedance, and Rectification in Membranes. Journal of General Physiology, 27, 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.27.1.37
[4]  Ling, G.N. (1992) A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell. Krieger Pub Co.
[5]  Hodgkin, A.L., Huxley, A.F. and Katz, B. (1952) Measurement of Current‐Voltage Relations in the Membrane of the Giant Axon of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology, 116, 424-448. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004716
[6]  Hodgkin, A.L. and Huxley, A.F. (1952) Currents Carried by Sodium and Potassium Ions through the Membrane of the Giant Axon of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology, 116, 449-472. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717
[7]  Hodgkin, A.L. and Huxley, A.F. (1952) The Components of Membrane Conductance in the Giant Axon of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology, 116, 473-496.
https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718
[8]  Hodgkin, A.L. and Huxley, A.F. (1952) The Dual Effect of Membrane Potential on Sodium Conductance in the Giant Axon of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology, 116, 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004719
[9]  Hodgkin, A.L. and Huxley, A.F. (1952) A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and Its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve. The Journal of Physiology, 117, 500-544. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764
[10]  Ling, G.N. (1973) How Does Ouabain Control the Levels of Cell K and Na ? By Interference with a Na Pump or by Allosteric Control of K -Na Adsorption on Cytoplasmic Protein Sites? Physiological Chemistry and Physics, 5, 295-311.
[11]  Ling, G.N. (1978) Maintenance of Low Sodium and High Potassium Levels in Resting Muscle Cells. The Journal of Physiology, 280, 105-123.
https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012375
[12]  Agutter, P.S., Malone, P.C. and Wheatley, D.N. (2000) Diffusion Theory in Biology: A Relic of Mechanistic Materialism. Journal of the History of Biology, 33, 71-111.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004745516972
[13]  Ling, G.N. (1997) Debunking the Alleged Resurrection of the Sodium Pump Hypothesis. Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR, 29, 123-198.
[14]  Jaeken, L. (2021) The Greatest Error in Biological Sciences, Started in 1930 and Continuing up to Now, Generating Numerous Profound Misunderstandings in Almost All Fields of Biology. In: Chilongola, J.O., Ed., Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 5, Book Publisher International, 156-164.
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacb/v5/1969f
[15]  Bockris, J.O., Reddy, A.K.N. and Gamboa-Aldeco, M. (1973) Volume 2 Modern Electrochemistry. Springer.
[16]  Cheng, K.L. (1998) Explanation of Misleading Nernst Slope by Boltzmann Equation. Microchemical Journal, 59, 457-461. https://doi.org/10.1006/mchj.1998.1624
[17]  Healy, T.W., Yates, D.E., White, L.R. and Chan, D. (1977) Nernstian and Non-Nernstian Potential Differences at Aqueous Interfaces. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 80, 57-66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(77)80103-4
[18]  Cheng, K.L. (2002) Recent Development of Non-Faradaic Potentiometry. Microchemical Journal, 72, 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-265x(02)00092-9
[19]  Israelachvili, J.N. (2011) Intermolecular and Surface Forces. Academic Press.
[20]  Ling, G.N. (2001) Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology. Pacific Press.
[21]  Lewis, G.N. and Randall, M. (1961) Thermodynamics. McGraw-Hill.
[22]  Pollack, G.H. (2001) Cells, Gels and the Engines of Life: A New, Unifying Approach to Cell Function. Ebner & Sons.
[23]  Cheng, K.L. (2002) Recent Development of Non-Faradaic Potentiometry. Microchemical Journal, 72, 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-265x(02)00092-9
[24]  Bagatolli, L.A. and Stock, R.P. (2021) Lipids, Membranes, Colloids and Cells: A Long View. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1863, Article 183684.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183684
[25]  Tamagawa, H. and Morita, S. (2014) Membrane Potential Generated by Ion Adsorption. Membranes, 4, 257-274. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes4020257
[26]  Tamagawa, H. and Ikeda, K. (2018) Another Interpretation of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation Based on Ling’s Adsorption Theory. European Biophysics Journal, 47, 869-879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-018-1332-0
[27]  Tamagawa, H., Mulembo, T. and Delalande, B. (2021) What Can S-Shaped Potential Profiles Tell Us about the Mechanism of Membrane Potential Generation? European Biophysics Journal, 50, 805-818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-021-01531-7
[28]  Tamagawa, H. and Delalande, B. (2021) Membrane Theory Prediction Is Fully against Experimental Facts. Preprints.
[29]  Heimburg, T. (2018) Comment on Tamagawa and Ikeda’s Reinterpretation of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation. European Biophysics Journal, 47, 865-867.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-018-1335-x
[30]  Heimburg, T. (2025) The Mechanical Properties of Nerves, the Size of the Action Potential, and Consequences for the Brain. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 267, 105461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2024.105461
[31]  Heimburg, T. and Jackson, A.D. (2005) On Soliton Propagation in Biomembranes and Nerves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 9790-9795.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503823102

Full-Text


Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133