In the face of the traditional fossil fuel energy crisis, solar energy stands out as a green, clean, and renewable energy source. Solar photovoltaic tracking technology is an effective solution to this problem. This review delves into the sustainable development of solar photovoltaic tracking technology, analyzing its current state, limiting factors and future trends. The adjustment of solar panel orientation using solar tracking technology to maximize energy generation efficiency has been widely implemented in various fields, including solar power plants. Currently, limiting factors for this technology include energy generation efficiency, costs and the complexity of various environmental conditions. In terms of sustainable development, this article emphasizes the importance of photovoltaic materials and manufacturing innovation, energy efficiency improvements, as well as the integration of smart and digital technologies. Future trends include higher precision, broader applications, and lower costs. Solar photovoltaic tracking technology will play a pivotal role in global energy production, fostering the realization of a clean and sustainable energy future.
Cite this paper
Kofoworola, A. H. , Ezekiel, A. K. , Joshua, A. A. , Oluwapelumi, O. E. , Olayinka, O. H. and Azeez, O. (2025). Solar Tracking Device for Photovoltaic Solar Energy System: A Review. Open Access Library Journal, 12, e3070. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1113070.
Guo, Z., Zhou, K., Zhang, C., Lu, X., Chen, W. and Yang, S. (2018) Residential Electricity Consumption Behavior: Influencing Factors, Related Theories and Intervention Strategies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.046
Hassan, Q., Abdulateef, A.M., Hafedh, S.A., Al-samari, A., Abdulateef, J., Sameen, A.Z., et al. (2023) Renewable Energy-to-Green Hydrogen: A Review of Main Resources Routes, Processes and Evaluation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48, 17383-17408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.175
Kalair, A., Abas, N., Saleem, M.S., Kalair, A.R. and Khan, N. (2020) Role of Energy Storage Systems in Energy Transition from Fossil Fuels to Renewables. Energy Storage, 3, e135. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.135
Lior, N. (2010) Sustainable Energy Development: The Present (2009) Situation and Possible Paths to the Future. Energy, 35, 3976-3994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.03.034
Ju, X., Xu, C., Hu, Y., Han, X., Wei, G. and Du, X. (2017) A Review on the Development of Photovoltaic/Concentrated Solar Power (PV-CSP) Hybrid Systems. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 161, 305-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.004
Islam, M.T., Huda, N., Abdullah, A.B. and Saidur, R. (2018) A Com-prehensive Review of State-of-the-Art Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies: Current Status and Research Trends. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 987-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.097
Parida, B., Iniyan, S. and Goic, R. (2011) A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1625-1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.032
Kannan, N. and Vakeesan, D. (2016) Solar Energy for Fu-ture World: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 1092-1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.022
Nsengiyumva, W., Chen, S.G., Hu, L. and Chen, X. (2018) Recent Ad-vancements and Challenges in Solar Tracking Systems (STS): A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 250-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.085
Lorilla, F.M.A. and Barroca, R. (2022) Challenges and Recent Developments in Solar Tracking Strategies for Concentrated Solar Parabolic Dish. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineer-ing and Computer Science, 26, 1368-1378. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i3.pp1368-1378
Gu, W., Zhao, X., Yan, X., Wang, C. and Li, Q. (2019) Energy Technological Progress, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evi-dence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, Article 117666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117666
Höök, M. and Tang, X. (2013) Depletion of Fossil Fuels and Anthro-pogenic Climate Change—A Review. Energy Policy, 52, 797-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.046
Ab-as, N., Kalair, A. and Khan, N. (2015) Review of Fossil Fuels and Future Energy Technologies. Futures, 69, 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2015.03.003
Holechek, J.L., Geli, H.M.E., Sawalhah, M.N. and Valdez, R. (2022) A Global Assessment: Can Renewable Energy Replace Fossil Fuels by 2050? Sustainability, 14, Article 4792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084792
Hayat, M.B., Ali, D., Monyake, K.C., Alagha, L. and Ahmed, N. (2018) Solar Energy—A Look into Power Generation, Challenges, and a Solar-Powered Future. International Journal of Energy Research, 43, 1049-1067. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4252
Yekinni, S., Asiata, I., Hakeem, O. and Mubarak, L. (2023) Solar Photovoltaic Energy System. In: Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Systems, Intech Open, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108958
Panwar, N.L., Kaushik, S.C. and Kothari, S. (2011) Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Environmental Protection: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1513-1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.037
Kumar, C.M.S., Singh, S., Gupta, M.K., Nimdeo, Y.M., Raushan, R., Deorankar, A.V., et al. (2023) Solar Energy: A Promising Renewable Source for Meeting Energy Demand in Indian Agricul-ture Applications. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 55, Article 102905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102905
Ya’u Muhammad, J., Tajudeen Jimoh, M., Baba Kyari, I., Abdullahi Gele, M. and Musa, I. (2019) A Review on Solar Tracking System: A Technique of Solar Power Output Enhance-ment. Engineering Science, 4, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20190401.11
Mousazadeh, H., Keyhani, A., Ja-vadi, A., Mobli, H., Abrinia, K. and Sharifi, A. (2009) A Review of Principle and Sun-Tracking Methods for Maximizing Solar Systems Output. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 1800-1818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.022
Singh, R., Kumar, S., Gehlot, A. and Pachauri, R. (2018) An Imperative Role of Sun Trackers in Photovoltaic Technology: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 3263-3278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.018
Awasthi, A., Shukla, A.K., S.R., M.M., Dondariya, C., Shukla, K.N., Porwal, D., et al. (2020) Review on Sun Tracking Technology in Solar PV System. Energy Reports, 6, 392-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.02.004
Abro, A.A., Bano, S., Tariq, U. and Shah, I.A. (2022) Sun Tracking and Control Design for PV Solar Energy System. International Journal of Innovations in Science and Technology, 4, 77-93. https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040507
Safan, Y.M., Shaaban, S. and Abu El-Sebah, M.I. (2018) Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Degree of Freedom Hybrid Controlled Dual Axis Solar Tracking System. Solar Energy, 170, 576-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.011
Oner, Y., Cetin, E., Ozturk, H.K. and Yilanci, A. (2009) Design of a New Three-Degree of Freedom Spherical Motor for Photovoltaic-Tracking Systems. Renewable Energy, 34, 2751-2756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.04.025
Xu, L., Long, E., Wei, J., Cheng, Z. and Zheng, H. (2021) A New Ap-proach to Determine the Optimum Tilt Angle and Orientation of Solar Collectors in Mountainous Areas with High Altitude. Energy, 237, Article 121507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121507
Alexandru, C. (2024) Simulation and Optimization of a Dual-Axis Solar Tracking Mechanism. Mathematics, 12, Article 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12071034
Yao, Y., Hu, Y., Gao, S., Yang, G. and Du, J. (2014) A Multipurpose Du-al-Axis Solar Tracker with Two Tracking Strategies. Renewable Energy, 72, 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.07.002
Bhattacharjee, J. and Roy, S. (2024) Smart Materials for Sustainable Energy. Natural Resources Conservation and Research, 7, Article 5536. https://doi.org/10.24294/nrcr.v7i1.5536
Verma, B.D., Gour, A. and Pandey, M. (2020) A Review Paper on Solar Tracking System for Photovoltaic Power Plant. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 9, 160-166.
Shahsavari, A. and Akbari, M. (2018) Potential of Solar Energy in Developing Countries for Reducing Energy-Related Emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90, 275-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.065
Jacobson, M.Z. and Delucchi, M.A. (2011) Providing All Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials. Energy Policy, 39, 1154-1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040
Munro, P.G. and Samara-koon, S. (2022) Off-Grid Electrical Urbanism: Emerging Solar Energy Geographies in Ordinary Cities. Journal of Urban Technology, 30, 127-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2022.2068939
Nwaigwe, K.N., Mutabilwa, P. and Dintwa, E. (2019) An Overview of Solar Power (PV Systems) Integration into Electricity Grids. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 2, 629-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.07.002
Venkateswari, R. and Sreejith, S. (2019) Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Photovoltaic System. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 101, 376-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.012
Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, E.C., Ehrler, B. and Sinke, W.C. (2016) Photovoltaic Materials: Present Efficiencies and Future Challenges. Science, 352, aad4424. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4424
Pastuszak, J. and Węgierek, P. (2022) Photovoltaic Cell Generations and Current Research Directions for Their Development. Materials, 15, Article 5542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165542
Maalouf, A., Okoroafor, T., Jehl, Z., Babu, V. and Resalati, S. (2023) A Com-prehensive Review on Life Cycle Assessment of Commercial and Emerging Thin-Film Solar Cell Systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 186, Article 113652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113652
Singh, B.P., Goyal, S.K. and Kumar, P. (2021) Solar PV Cell Materials and Technologies: Analyzing the Recent Developments. Materials Today: Proceedings, 43, 2843-2849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.003
Ramanujam, J. and Singh, U.P. (2017) Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Based Solar Cells—A Review. Energy & Environmental Science, 10, 1306-1319. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ee00826k
Lamont, L.A. (2013) Third Generation Photovoltaic (PV) Cells for Eco-Efficient Buildings and Other Applications. In: Nanotechnology in Eco-Efficient Construction, Elsevier, 270-296. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857098832.2.270
Rehman, F., Syed, I.H., Khanam, S., Ijaz, S., Mehmood, H., Zubair, M., et al. (2023) Fourth-Generation Solar Cells: A Review. Energy Advances, 2, 1239-1262. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ya00179b
Cao, X., Tan, C., Sindoro, M. and Zhang, H. (2017) Hybrid Mi-cro-/Nano-Structures Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks: Preparation and Applications in Energy Storage and Con-version. Chemical Society Reviews, 46, 2660-2677. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00426a
Mehmood, H., Tauqeer, T. and Hussain, S. (2018) Recent Progress in Silicon-Based Solid-State Solar Cells. International Journal of Electronics, 105, 1568-1582. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2018.1477191
Asim, N., Sopian, K., Ahmadi, S., Saeedfar, K., Al-ghoul, M.A., Saadatian, O., et al. (2012) A Review on the Role of Materials Science in Solar Cells. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 5834-5847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.06.004
Huang, G., Curt, S.R., Wang, K. and Markides, C.N. (2020) Challenges and Opportunities for Nanomaterials in Spectral Splitting for High-Performance Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic-Thermal Applications: A Review. Nano Materials Science, 2, 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2020.03.008
Nowsherwan, G.A., Ali, Q., Ali, U.F., Ahmad, M., Khan, M. and Hussain, S.S. (2024) Advances in Organic Materials for Next-Generation Optoelectronics: Potential and Challenges. Organics, 5, 520-560. https://doi.org/10.3390/org5040028
Amano, H., Baines, Y., Beam, E., Borga, M., Bouchet, T., Chalker, P.R., et al. (2018) The 2018 Gan Power Electronics Roadmap. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 51, Article 163001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aaaf9d
Dallaev, R., Pisarenko, T., Papež, N. and Holcman, V. (2023) Overview of the Current State of Flexible Solar Panels and Photovoltaic Materials. Materials, 16, Article 5839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175839
Artz, J., Müller, T.E., Thenert, K., Kleinekorte, J., Meys, R., Sternberg, A., et al. (2017) Sustainable Conversion of Carbon Dioxide: An Integrated Review of Catalysis and Life Cycle Assessment. Chemical Reviews, 118, 434-504. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00435
Njema, G.G., Kibet, J.K. and Ngari, S.M. (2024) A Review of Interface Engi-neering Characteristics for High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells. Measurement: Energy, 2, Article 100005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meaene.2024.100005
Fthenakis, V., Athias, C., Blumenthal, A., Kulur, A., Magliozzo, J. and Ng, D. (2020) Sustainability Evaluation of CDTE PV: An Update. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 123, Article 109776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109776
Li, H. and Zhang, W. (2020) Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells: From Fundamentals to Commercial Deployment. Chemical Reviews, 120, 9835-9950. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00780
Olatomiwa, A.L., Adam, T., Gopinath, S.C.B., Kolawole, S.Y., Olayinka, O.H. and Hashim, U. (2022) Graphene Synthesis, Fabrication, Characterization Based on Bottom-Up and Top-Down Ap-proaches: An Overview. Journal of Semiconductors, 43, Article 061101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/061101
Xu, Y. and Liu, J. (2016) Graphene as Transparent Electrodes: Fabrication and New Emerging Applications. Small, 12, 1400-1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201502988
Zheng, Q., Li, Z., Yang, J. and Kim, J. (2014) Graphene Oxide-Based Transparent Conductive Films. Progress in Materials Science, 64, 200-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.03.004
Kofoworola, A.H., Olayinka, O.H., Joshua, A.A., Kofoworola, A.M., Ayinde, A.G., Adeyemi, A.U. and Yekeen, S. Fabrication, Characterization and Applications of Multiwall Carbon Nano-tubes-Aluminium Oxide (MWCNTs-Al2O3) Ceramic Com-posites. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 5, 1990-1993.
He, M., Jung, J., Qiu, F. and Lin, Z. (2012) Graphene-Based Transparent Flexible Electrodes for Poly-mer Solar Cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, Article 24254. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm33784c
Kittler, R. and Darula, S. (2013) Determination of Time and Sun Position System. Solar Energy, 93, 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.03.021
Gaudino, E., Anacreonte, A., Caldarelli, A., Strazzullo, P., Musto, M., Bianco, N. and Russo, R. (2024) Impact of Collector Array Orientation on the Per-formance of a Flat Collectors Field for Middle-Temperature Applications. Energy Proceedings, 46, 1-7.
Avila, R. and Syed, S.R. (2024) On the Elliptical Orbit of the Earth and Position of the Sun in the Sky: An Engineering Approach. The Nucleus, 61, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.71330/thenucleus.2024.1330
Karathanasis, S. (2019) Solar Radiation. In: Linear Fresnel Reflec-tor Systems for Solar Radiation Concentration, Springer, 13-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05279-9_2
Rueda, J.A., Ramírez, S., Sánchez, M.A. and Guerrero, J.D.D. (2024) Sun Declination and Distribution of Natural Beam Irradiance on Earth. Atmosphere, 15, Article 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081003
Nwokolo, S.C., Obiwulu, A.U. and Ogbulezie, J.C. (2023) Machine Learning and Analytical Model Hybridization to Assess the Impact of Climate Change on Solar PV Energy Production. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 130, Article 103389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2023.103389
Nfaoui, M. and El-Hami, K. (2018) Optimal Tilt Angle and Orientation for Solar Photovoltaic Arrays: Case of Settat City in Morocco. In-ternational Journal of Ambient Energy, 41, 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1451375
Senpinar, A. (2018) Optimization of Slope Angles of Photovoltaic Arrays for Different Seasons. In: Exergetic, Energetic and Environ-mental Dimensions, Elsevier, 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813734-5.00028-7
Yousef, B.A.A., Radwan, A., Olabi, A.G. and Abdelkareem, M.A. (2023) Sun Composition, Solar Angles, and Estimation of Solar Radiation. In: Renewable Energy-Volume 1: Solar, Wind, and Hydropower, Elsevier, 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-99568-9.00023-6
González-Rodríguez, L., Pérez, L., Fissore, A., Rodríguez-López, L. and Jimenez, J. (2018) Tilt and Orientation of a Flat Solar Collector to Capture Optimal Solar Irradiation in Chilean Latitudes. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on BioGeoSciences, Springer, 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04233-2_19
Naeimi, Y., Kooben, F. and Moallem, M.H. (2020) Calculation of the Optimal Instal-lation Angle for Seasonal Adjusting of PV Panels Based on Solar Radiation Predic-tion.
Hariri, N.G., Al-Mutawa, M.A., Osman, I.S., AlMadani, I.K., Almahdi, A.M. and Ali, S. (2022) Experimental Investigation of Azimuth- and Sensor-Based Control Strategies for a PV Solar Tracking Application. Applied Sciences, 12, Article 4758. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094758
Obiwulu, A.U., Erusiafe, N., Olopade, M.A. and Nwokolo, S.C. (2022) Mod-eling and Estimation of the Optimal Tilt Angle, Maximum Incident Solar Radiation, and Global Radiation Index of the Photo-voltaic System. Heliyon, 8, e09598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09598
Qiu, Z. and Li, P. (2019) Solar Energy Resource and Its Global Distribution. In: Green Energy and Technology, Springer, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17283-1_1
Ozdemir, S. and Sahin, G. (2018) Multi-Criteria Decision-Making in the Location Selection for a Solar PV Power Plant Using AHP. Measurement, 129, 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.07.020
Cuerno, R. and Kim, J.-S. (2020) A Perspective on Nanoscale Pattern Formation at Surfaces by Ion-Beam Irradiation. Journal of Applied Physics, 128, Article 180902. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0021308
Cao, B., Liu, Q., Du, Y., Roujean, J., Gastellu-Etchegorry, J., Trigo, I.F., et al. (2019) A Review of Earth Surface Thermal Radiation Directionality Observing and Modeling: Historical Development, Cur-rent Status and Perspectives. Remote Sensing of Environment, 232, Article 111304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111304
Driemel, A., Augustine, J., Behrens, K., Colle, S., Cox, C., Cuevas-Agulló, E., et al. (2018) Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN): Structure and Data Description (1992-2017). Earth System Science Data, 10, 1491-1501. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1491-2018
Barbón, A., Bayón-Cueli, C., Bayón, L. and Rodríguez-Suanzes, C. (2022) Analysis of the Tilt and Azimuth Angles of Photovoltaic Systems in Non-Ideal Positions for Urban Applications. Applied Energy, 305, Article 117802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117802
Raisal, A.Y. and Rakhmadi, A.J. (2020) Understanding the Effect of Revolution and Rotation of the Earth on Prayer Times Using Accurate Times. Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi dan Penelitian Hukum Islam, 4, 81-101. https://doi.org/10.30659/jua.v4i1.10936
Sampson, R.D. (2001) A Comparison of Photogrammetrically Determined Astronomical Refraction of Sunlight at High Zenith Angles with a Ray-Tracing Computer Model Employing Rawlinson Profiles.
Fouad, M.M., Shihata, L.A. and Morgan, E.I. (2017) An Integrated Review of Factors Influencing the Perfomance of Photovoltaic Panels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1499-1511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.141
Balogun, S.W., Oyeshola, H.O., Ajani, A.S., James, O.O., Awodele, M.K., Adewumi, H.K., et al. (2024) Synthesis, Characterization, and Optoelectronic Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Precursor as Electron Transport Layer. Heliyon, 10, e29452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29452
Zwinkels, J. (2015) Light, Electromagnetic Spectrum. In: Encyclope-dia of Color Science and Technology, Springer, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_204-1
El Ham-moumi, A., Chtita, S., Motahhir, S. and El Ghzizal, A. (2022) Solar PV Energy: From Material to Use, and the Most Commonly Used Techniques to Maximize the Power Output of PV Systems: A Focus on Solar Trackers and Floating Solar Panels. Energy Reports, 8, 11992-12010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.09.054
Shang, H. and Shen, W. (2023) Design and Implementation of a Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System. Energies, 16, Article 6330. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176330
Alexandru, C. and Pozna, C. (2010) Simulation of a Dual-Axis Solar Tracker for Improving the Performance of a Photovoltaic Panel. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 224, 797-811. https://doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe871
Bourogaoui, M., Sethom, H.B.A. and Belkhodja, I.S. (2016) Speed/Position Sensor Fault Tolerant Control in Adjustable Speed Drives—A Review. ISA Transactions, 64, 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2016.05.003
Bernas-coni, P.N., Rust, D.M. and Hakim, D. (2005) Advanced Automated Solar Filament Detection and Characterization Code: De-scription, Performance, and Results. Solar Physics, 228, 97-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-005-2766-y
Ce-likel, O. and San, S.E. (2009) Establishment of All Digital Closed-Loop Interferometric Fiber-Optic Gyroscope and Scale Fac-tor Comparison for Open-Loop and All Digital Closed-Loop Configurations. IEEE Sensors Journal, 9, 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2008.2011066
Borovic, B., Liu, A.Q., Popa, D., Cai, H. and Lewis, F.L. (2005) Open-Loop versus Closed-Loop Control of MEMS Devices: Choices and Issues. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengi-neering, 15, 1917-1924. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/15/10/018
Zi-Yi, L., Sew-Kin, W., Wai-Leong, P. and Chee-Pun, O. (2012) The Design of DC Motor Driver for Solar Tracking Applications. 2012 10th IEEE International Confer-ence on Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE), Kuala Lumpur, 19-21 September 2012, 556-559. https://doi.org/10.1109/smelec.2012.6417207
Rubio, F.R., Ortega, M.G., Gordillo, F. and López-Martínez, M. (2007) Application of New Control Strategy for Sun Tracking. Energy Conversion and Management, 48, 2174-2184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.12.020
de Rubeis, T., Ragnoli, M., Leoni, A., Ambrosini, D. and Stornelli, V. (2024) A Proposal for a Human-in-the-Loop Daylight Control System—Preliminary Experi-mental Results. Energies, 17, Article 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030544
Mohamed, A.K.B., Mohamed, H. and Yacob, N.S. (2024) Solar Tracking Control Systems Design Strategies: A Review. AIP Conference Proceedings, Langkawi, 20-21 December 2021, Article 020046. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0182413
Sidek, M.H.M., Azis, N., Hasan, W.Z.W., Ab Kadir, M.Z.A., Shafie, S. and Radzi, M.A.M. (2017) Automated Positioning Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System with Preci-sion Elevation and Azimuth Angle Control. Energy, 124, 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.001
AL-Rousan, N., Isa, N.A.M. and Desa, M.K.M. (2018) Advances in Solar Photovoltaic Tracking Systems: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2548-2569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.077
Ferdaus, R.A., Mohammed, M.A., Rahman, S., Salehin, S. and Mannan, M.A. (2014) Energy Efficient Hybrid Dual Axis Solar Tracking System. Journal of Renewable Energy, 2014, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/629717
Zhou, B., Ahn, D., Lee, J., Sun, C., Ahmed, S. and Kim, Y. (2018) A Passive Tracking System Based on Geometric Constraints in Adaptive Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 18, Article 3276. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103276
Alippi, C. and Galperti, C. (2008) An Adaptive System for Optimal Solar Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Network Nodes. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 55, 1742-1750. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2008.922023
Tilder, L. and Blostein, B. (2010) Design Ecologies: Sustainable Potentials in Architecture: Essays on the Nature of Design. Princeton Architectural Press.
Salgado-Conrado, L. (2018) A Review on Sun Position Sensors Used in Solar Applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2128-2146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.040
Chowdhury, M.E.H., Khandakar, A., Hossain, B. and Abouhasera, R. (2019) A Low-Cost Closed-Loop Solar Tracking System Based on the Sun Position Algorithm. Journal of Sensors, 2019, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3681031
Dadi, V. and Peravali, S. (2020) Optimization of Light-Dependent Resistor Sensor for the Application of Solar Energy Tracking System. SN Applied Sciences, 2, Article No. 1499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03293-x
Chin, C.S. (2012) Model-Based Simulation of an Intelligent Micro-processor-Based Standalone Solar Tracking System. In: MATLAB—A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engi-neering Applications-Volume 3, InTech, 251-278. https://doi.org/10.5772/46458
Solodovnik, E.V., Liu, S. and Dougal, R.A. (2004) Power Controller Design for Maximum Power Tracking in Solar Installations. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 19, 1295-1304. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2004.833457
Kumba, K., Upender, P., Buduma, P., Sarkar, M., Simon, S.P. and Gundu, V. (2024) Solar Tracking Systems: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions: A Review. Energy Reports, 12, 3566-3583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.09.038
Benzekri, A. and Azrar, A. (2014) FPGA-Based Design Process of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for a Dual-Axis Sun Tracking System. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39, 6109-6123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1213-5
Williams, B.C., Ingham, M.D., Chung, S.H. and Elliott, P.H. (2003) Model-Based Programming of Intelligent Embedded Systems and Robotic Space Explorers. Proceedings of the IEEE, 91, 212-237. https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2002.805828
Ray, S. and Tripathi, A.K. (2016) Design and Development of Tilted Single Axis and Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Solar Tracking Systems. 2016 IEEE 1st International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES), Delhi, 4-6 July 2016, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/icpeices.2016.7853190
Musa, A., Alozie, E., Suleiman, S.A., Ojo, J.A. and Imoize, A.L. (2023) A Review of Time-Based Solar Photovoltaic Tracking Systems. Information, 14, Article 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14040211
Afanasyeva, S., Bogdanov, D. and Breyer, C. (2018) Relevance of PV with Single-Axis Tracking for Energy Scenarios. Solar Energy, 173, 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.07.029
Karabiber, A. and Güneş, Y. (2023) Single-Motor and Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System for Micro Photovoltaic Power Plants. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 145, Article 051004. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4056739
Varadharajan, D.P., Kumarasamy, S., Murugesan, R., Muthuramalingam, A., Venkatesan, M. and Nachimuthu, L. (2024) A Comprehensive Review on Single Axis Solar Tracking System Using Artificial Intelligence. In: Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, IGI Global, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3735-6.ch001
Demirdelen, T., Alıcı, H., Esenboğa, B. and Güldürek, M. (2023) Performance and Economic Analysis of Designed Different Solar Tracking Systems for Mediterranean Climate. Energies, 16, Article 4197. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104197
Kazem, H.A., Chaichan, M.T., Al-Waeli, A.H.A.H. and Sopian, K. (2024) Dual Axis Solar Photovoltaic Trackers: An In-Depth Review. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Envi-ronmental Effects, 46, 15331-15356. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2024.2420781
Ukoba, K., Olatunji, K.O., Adeoye, E., Jen, T. and Madyira, D.M. (2024) Optimizing Renewable Energy Systems through Artificial Intelligence: Review and Future Prospects. Energy & Environment, 35, 3833-3879. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305x241256293
Vieira, R.G., Guerra, F.K.O.M.V., Vale, M.R.B.G. and Araújo, M.M. (2016) Comparative Performance Analysis between Static Solar Panels and Single-Axis Tracking System on a Hot Climate Region Near to the Equator. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 672-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.089
Sumathi, V., Jayapragash, R., Bakshi, A. and Kumar Akella, P. (2017) Solar Tracking Methods to Maximize PV System Output—A Review of the Methods Adopted in Recent Decade. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.013
Ri-ley, D. and Hansen, C. (2015) Sun-Relative Pointing for Dual-Axis Solar Trackers Employing Azimuth and Elevation Rota-tions. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 137, Article 031008. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029379
Lim, B., Lim, C., Li, H., Hu, X., Chong, K., Zong, J., et al. (2020) Industrial Design and Implementation of a Large-Scale Dual-Axis Sun Tracker with a Vertical-Axis-Rotating-Platform and Multiple-Row-Elevation Structures. Solar Energy, 199, 596-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.02.006
Zayed, M.E., Zhao, J., Elsheikh, A.H., Li, W., Sadek, S. and Aboelmaaref, M.M. (2021) A Comprehensive Review on Dish/Stirling Concentrated Solar Power Systems: Design, Optical and Geometrical Analyses, Thermal Performance Assessment, and Applications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, Article 124664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124664
Kuttybay, N., Mekhilef, S., Koshkarbay, N., Saymbetov, A., Nurgaliyev, M., Dosymbetova, G., et al. (2024) Assessment of Solar Tracking Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 68, Article 103879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.103879
Schuh, H. and Böhm, S. (2021) Earth Rotation. In: Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Springer, 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58631-7_177
Ismail, F.B., Rahmat, M.A.A., Kazem, H.A., Al-Obaidi, A.S.M. and Ridwan, M.S. (2024) Maximizing Energy via Solar-Powered Smart Irrigation: An Approach Utilizing a Single-Axis Solar Tracking Mechanism. Irrigation and Drainage, 73, 829-845. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2937
Shufat, S.A.A., Kurt, E. and Hancerlioğulları, A. (2019) Modeling and Design of Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Solar Tracker for Maximum Solar Energy Generation. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 8, 7-13. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.1.7-13
Forootan, M.M., Larki, I., Zahedi, R. and Ahmadi, A. (2022) Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Energy Systems: A Review. Sustainability, 14, Article 4832. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084832
Ahmad, T., Madonski, R., Zhang, D., Huang, C. and Mujeeb, A. (2022) Da-ta-Driven Probabilistic Machine Learning in Sustainable Smart Energy/Smart Energy Systems: Key Developments, Chal-lenges, and Future Research Opportunities in the Context of Smart Grid Paradigm. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Re-views, 160, Article 112128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112128
Kosovic, I.N., Mastelic, T. and Ivankovic, D. (2020) Using Artificial Intelligence on Environmental Data from Internet of Things for Estimating Solar Radiation: Compre-hensive Analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, Article 121489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121489
Othman, M.F. and Shazali, K. (2012) Wireless Sensor Network Ap-plications: A Study in Environment Monitoring System. Procedia Engineering, 41, 1204-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.302
Mamodiya, U. and Tiwari, N. (2023) Dual-Axis Solar Tracking Sys-tem with Different Control Strategies for Improved Energy Efficiency. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 111, Article 108920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2023.108920
Salam, A. (2024) Internet of Things for Environ-mental Sustainability and Climate Change. In: Internet of Things, Springer, 33-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62162-8_2
Kishorebabu, V. and Sravanthi, R. (2020) Real Time Monitoring of Environmental Parameters Using IoT. Wireless Personal Communications, 112, 785-808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07074-y
Antonanzas, J., Arbeloa-Ibero, M. and Quinn, J.C. (2019) Compara-tive Life Cycle Assessment of Fixed and Single Axis Tracking Systems for Photovoltaics. Journal of Cleaner Production, 240, Article 118016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118016
Hernández-Callejo, L., Gallardo-Saavedra, S. and Alonso-Gómez, V. (2019) A Review of Photovoltaic Systems: Design, Operation and Maintenance. Solar Energy, 188, 426-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.06.017
Manisha, P., Kumari, M., Sahdev, R.K. and Tiwari, S. (2022) A Review on Solar Photovoltaic System Efficiency Improving Technologies. Applied Solar Energy, 58, 54-75. https://doi.org/10.3103/s0003701x22010108
Kumar, M., Panda, K.P., Rosas-Caro, J.C., Valderrabano-Gonzalez, A. and Panda, G. (2023) Comprehensive Review of Conventional and Emerging Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Uniformly and Partially Shaded Solar Photovoltaic Systems. IEEE Access, 11, 31778-31812. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3262502
Sabiha, M.A., Saidur, R., Mekhilef, S. and Mahian, O. (2015) Progress and Latest Developments of Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 1038-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.016
Hafez, A.Z., Yousef, A.M. and Harag, N.M. (2018) Solar Tracking Systems: Technologies and Trackers Drive Types—A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 754-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.094
GhaffarianHoseini, A., Dahlan, N.D., Berardi, U., Ghaffari-anHoseini, A., Makaremi, N. and GhaffarianHoseini, M. (2013) Sustainable Energy Performances of Green Buildings: A Re-view of Current Theories, Implementations and Challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 1-17.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.010
Saravanan, C., Panneerselvam, M.A. and Christopher, I.W. (2011) A Novel Low Cost Automatic Solar Tracking System. International Journal of Computer Applications, 31, 62-67.
Ajukumar, V.N. and Gandhi, O.P. (2013) Evaluation of Green Mainte-nance Initiatives in Design and Development of Mechanical Systems Using an Integrated Approach. Journal of Cleaner Pro-duction, 51, 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.010
Panagoda, L.P.S.S., Sandeepa, R.A.H.T., Perera, W.A.V.T., Sandunika, D.M.I., Siriwardhana, S.M.G.T., Alwis, M.K.S.D. and Dilka, S.H.S. (2023) Advancements in Photovoltaic (PV) Technology for Solar Energy Generation. Journal of Research Technology & Engineering, 4, 30-72.
Yang, Z. and Xiao, Z. (2023) A Review of the Sustainable Development of Solar Photovoltaic Tracking System Technology. Energies, 16, Article 7768. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237768
Lai, Y., Chou, M. and Lin, P. (2010) Parameteriza-tion of Topographic Effect on Surface Solar Radiation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115, D01104. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012305
Olson, M. and Rupper, S. (2019) Impacts of Topographic Shading on Direct Solar Radiation for Valley Glaciers in Complex Topography. The Cryosphere, 13, 29-40. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-29-2019
Liu, M., Bárdossy, A., Li, J. and Jiang, Y. (2012) GIS-Based Modelling of To-pography-Induced Solar Radiation Variability in Complex Terrain for Data Sparse Region. International Journal of Geo-graphical Information Science, 26, 1281-1308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2011.641969
Benton, E.R. and Benton, E.V. (2001) Space Radiation Dosimetry in Low-Earth Orbit and Beyond. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Ma-terials and Atoms, 184, 255-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(01)00748-0
Kang, H., Kim, H., Hong, J., Zhang, R., Lee, M. and Hong, T. (2024) Harnessing Sunlight Beyond Earth: Sustainable Vision of Space-Based Solar Power Systems in Smart Grid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 202, Article 114644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114644
Aglietti, G.S., Redi, S., Tatnall, A.R. and Markvart, T. (2009) Harnessing High-Altitude Solar Power. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 24, 442-451. https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2009.2016026
Gherboudj, I. and Ghedira, H. (2016) Assessment of Solar Energy Po-tential over the United Arab Emirates Using Remote Sensing and Weather Forecast Data. Renewable and Sustainable Ener-gy Reviews, 55, 1210-1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.099
Yoneda, K., Suganuma, N., Yanase, R. and Aldibaja, M. (2019) Automated Driving Recognition Technologies for Adverse Weather Conditions. IATSS Research, 43, 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2019.11.005
Milidonis, K., Eliades, A., Grigoriev, V. and Blanco, M.J. (2023) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVS) in the Planning, Operation and Maintenance of Concentrating Solar Thermal Systems: A Review. Solar Energy, 254, 182-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.03.005
Kelly, N.A. and Gibson, T.L. (2009) Improved Photovoltaic Energy Output for Cloudy Conditions with a Solar Tracking System. Solar Energy, 83, 2092-2102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.08.009
