This study examines the impact of missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) on routine vaccination coverage and infant health outcomes in Kiribati’s Outer Islands. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, the study surveyed 422 caregivers of children aged 0 - 23 months. The results revealed a significant disparity in vaccination coverage, with rural children 2.5 times more likely to miss vaccinations compared to their urban counterparts. The analysis also indicated that 53.3% of caregivers possessed poor knowledge of vaccination, which was strongly associated with higher MOV rates (AOR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.55 - 4.25). The study underscores the need for targeted interventions, such as healthcare outreach in rural areas and caregiver education programs, to enhance immunization coverage. Addressing these gaps is essential to reduce the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases and decrease infant mortality in Kiribati’s underserved Outer Islands.
Cite this paper
Ngoshe, I. M. , Tong, T. , Abdalla, M. , Tokataake, T. and Habu, F. N. (2025). The Effect of Missed Opportunity to Routine Vaccination Coverage of Live Births and Surviving Infants in Kiribati Outer Islands. Open Access Library Journal, 12, e2486. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1112486.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000: Main Report. FAO. https://www.fao.org/4/ad672e/ad672e10.htm
Li, X., Mukandavire, C., Cucunubá, Z.M., Echeverria Londono, S., Abbas, K., Clapham, H.E., et al. (2021) Estimating the Health Impact of Vaccination against Ten Pathogens in 98 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries from 2000 to 2030: A Modelling Study. The Lancet, 397, 398-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32657-x
Beusenberg, M., Orley, J.H. and World Health Organization (1994) A User’s Guide to the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). World Health Organiza-tion.http://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies.MOV/en
Hutchins, S.S., Jansen, H., Robertson, S.E., Evans, P. and Kim-Farley, R.J. (1993) Studies of Missed Opportunities for Immunization in Developing and Industrialized Countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organiza-tion, 71, Article 549.
Khader, Y.S., Laflamme, L., Schmid, D., El-Halabi, S., Abu Khdair, M., Sengoelge, M., et al. (2019) Children Immuniza-tion App (CIMA) among Syrian Refugees in Zaatari Camp, Jordan: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial Intervention Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 8, e13557. https://doi.org/10.2196/13557
Adeyinka, D.A., Oladimeji, O., Adekanbi, T.I., Adeyinka, F.E., Falope, Y. and Aimakhu, C. (2010) Outcome of Adolescent Pregnancies in Southwestern Nigeria: A Case–control Study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 23, 785-789. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767050903572166
Kibreab, F., Lewycka, S. and Tewelde, A. (2020) Impact of Mother’s Education on Full Immunization of Children Aged 12-23 Months in Eritrea: Population and Health Survey 2010 Data Analysis. BMC Public Health, 20, Article No. 267. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8281-0
Olwanda, E., Opondo, K., Oluoch, D., Croke, K., Maluni, J., Jepkosgei, J., et al. (2024) Women’s Autonomy and Maternal Health Decision Making in Kenya: Implications for Service Deliv-ery Reform—A Qualitative Study. BMC Women’s Health, 24, Article No. 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-024-02965-9
Geta, E.T., Wakjira, A. and Hailu, W.B. (2023) Disparities in Modern Health Service Utilization across Socio-Demographic and Economic Inequalities among Households in Gida Ayana District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Health Services Research, 23, Article No. 597. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09527-z
Chinyem Madubueze, U., Friday Igwe Una, A., Nkem Okedo-Alex, I., Maduka Agha, V., David Umeokonk-wo, C., Ifeyinwa Eze, I., et al. (2022) Awareness, Knowledge, Risk Perception and Uptake of Maternal Vaccination in Rural Communities of Ebonyi State, Ni-geria. African Health Sciences, 22, 306-317. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v22i4.36
Bam, V., Mohammed, A., Ku-si-Amponsah, A., Armah, J., Lomotey, A.Y., Budu, H.I., et al. (2023) Caregivers’ Perception and Acceptance of Malaria Vaccine for Children. PLOS ONE, 18, e0288686. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288686
Kaboré, L., Meda, B., Médah, I., Shendale, S., Nic Lochlainn, L., Sanderson, C., et al. (2020) Assessment of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination (MOV) in Burkina Faso Us-ing the World Health Organization’s Revised MOV Strategy: Findings and Strate-gic Considerations to Improve Routine Childhood Immunization Coverage. Vac-cine, 38, 7603-7611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.021
Li, A.J., Tabu, C., Shen-dale, S., Okoth, P.O., Sergon, K., Maree, E., et al. (2020) Qualitative Insights into Reasons for Missed Opportunities for Vaccination in Kenyan Health Facilities. PLOS ONE, 15, e0230783. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230783
Olorunsaiye, C.Z. and Degge, H. (2016) Variations in the Uptake of Routine Immunization in Nigeria: Examining Determinants of Inequitable Access. Global Health Communication, 2, 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/23762004.2016.1206780