Six kg whole wheat straw (Claire variety) samples were taken randomly from a small bale and either kept dry (Soaking 0:1) or soaked (Soaking 2:1) in tap water (2 units' water: 1 of straw) and left for 16hs. Urea solutions were prepared according to the concentration of urea in straw by thoroughly mixing with 150 ml tap water in a garden hand sprayer. These solutions were mixed with the straw in plastic bags which were compressed to eliminate air, labelled, securely tied and stored in a room at 18℃ - 24℃ for 28 days. In-sacco studies were performed on two permanently fistulated sheep fed on a basal diet of 410 g concentrates and 820 g chopped hay/head/day over two time periods according to a 2 × 2 cross over design. Approximately 4 g of untreated and treated air-dried samples were weighed into nylon bags, which were placed in the rumen of these sheep for 0, 6, 18, 72, 48, 24, and 96 h. At the end of each incubation time, the bags were removed from the rumen and washed under running cold water until the rinsing water was colourless. Then the bags were oven-dried at 60℃ for 24 h and the undegraded residues were weighed to estimate the dry matter degradability and the dried residues were ashed at 600℃ for 6 h to estimate the organic matter degradability of whole wheat straw. Only the OMD data were statistically analysed for this paper to compare the effect of soaking and urea treatments and their interaction on OMD at each incu-bation time at P < 0.05. Soaking showed a negative effect on the OMD of whole straw at most incubation hours, the urea treatment improved the OMD of straw at almost all incubation times. The OMD was significantly increased when urea was increased from 0 to either 2.5 or 5%. The final conclusion of the current study showed that treating straw with urea at different levels 2.5 and 5% increased OMD at various incubation times. On the other hand, soaking with water significantly reduced the OMD at most incubation hours.
Cite this paper
Shirif, A. M. , Chaudhry, A. S. , Salheen, S. M. , Khubeiz, M. M. and Algriany, O. A. (2024). Effect of Soaking and Urea Treatment on the In Sacco Organic Matter Degradability of Whole Wheat Straw at Various Incubation Times in Fistulated Sheep. Open Access Library Journal, 11, e1855. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1111855.
Mehrez, A.Z. and Orskov, E.R. (1977) A Study of Artificial Fibre Bag Technique for Determining the Dig Estibility of Feeds in the Rumen. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 88, 645-650. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600037321
Dias da Silva, A. (1988) Effects of Treatments with Urea and Supplementation with Molasses and Monosodium Glutamate on the Di-gestibility and Intake of Rye Straw by Sheep. World Congress on Animal Production, Helsinki, 299 p.
Williams, P.E.V., Innes, G.M. and Brewer, A. (1984) Ammonia Treatment of Straw via the Hydrolysis of Urea. I. Effects of Dry Matter and Urea Concentrations on the Rate of Hydrolysis of Urea. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 11, 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(84)90015-4
Borhami, B.E.A. and Sundstol, F. (1982) Studies on Ammonia-Treated Straw. I. The Effects of Type and Level of Ammonia, Moisture Content and Treatment Time on the Digestibility in Vitro and Enzyme Soluble Organic Matter of Oat Straw. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 7, 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(82)90035-9
Ahmed, M.M.M., El Hag, F.M., Wahab, F.S. and Salih, S.F. (2001) Feeding Strategies during Dry Summer for Lactating Desert Goats in a Rainfed Area under Tropical Conditions. Small Ruminant Research, 39, 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(00)00185-1
Shirif, A., Chaudhry, A. and Younger, A. (2010) Effect of Soaking and Urea Treatments on in Sacco Degradability of Wheat Straw in Sheep. Advances in Animal Biosciences, 1, 41. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2040470010001846
Abebe, G., Merkel, R.C., Animut, G., Sahlu, T. and Goetsch, A.L. (2004) Effects of Ammoniation of Wheat Straw and Supplementation with Soybean Meal or Broiler Litter on Feed Intake and Digestion in Yearling Spanish Goat Wethers. Small Ruminant Research, 51, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(03)00191-3
Canbolat, O., Ozkan, C.O. and Kamalak, A. (2007) Effects of Naoh Treatment on Condensed Tannin Contents and Gas Production Kinetics of Tree Leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 138, 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.024
Adamovic, M., Grubic, G., Milenkovic, I., Jovanovic, R., Protic, R., Sretenovic, L., et al. (1998) The Biodegradation of Wheat Straw by Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms and Its Use in Cattle Feeding. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 71, 357-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00150-8
Al-Masri, M.R. (2005) Nutritive Value of Some Agricultural Wastes as Affected by Relatively Low Gamma Irradiation Levels and Chemical Treatments. Bioresource Technology, 96, 1737-1741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.032
AFRC (1993) Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants. In: An Advisory Manual Prepared by the Agricultural Food and Research Council Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients, CAB International, 24-25.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991) Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78551-2
Iiyama, K., Lam, T.B.T. and Stone, B.A. (1990) Phenolic Acid Bridges between Polysaccharides and Lignin in Wheat Internodes. Phytochemistry, 29, 733-737. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)80009-6
Hartley, R.D. (1973) Carbohydrate Esters of Ferulic Acid as Components of Cell-Walls of Lolium Multiflorum. Phytochemistry, 12, 661-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)84460-x
Molgaard, P. and Ravn, H. (1988) Evolutionary Aspects of Caffeoyl Ester Distribution in Dicotyledons. Phytochemistry, 27, 2411-2421. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)87005-5
Jung, H.J.G. and Himmelsbach, D.S. (1989) Isolation and Characterization of Wheat Straw Lignin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 37, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00085a019
Sawai, A., Kondo, T. and Ara, S. (1983) Inhibitory Effects of Phenolic Acid Esters on Degradability of Forage Fibers. Journal of the Japanese Society of Grassland Science, 29, 175-179.
Williams, P.E.V., Innes, G.M. and Brewer, A. (1984) Ammonia Treatment of Straw via the Hydrolysis of Urea. II. Additions of Soya Bean (Urease), Sodium Hydroxide and Molasses; Effects on the Digestibility of Urea-Treated Straw. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 11, 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(84)90016-6
Tinnimit, P. (1987) Effect of Moisture Levels during Urea-Treatment of Straw. In: Dixon, R.M., Ed., Ruminant Feeding Systems Utilizing Fibrous Agricultural Residues, IDP, 259-262.
Jayasuriya, M.C.N. and Perera, H.G.D. (1982) Urea-Ammonia Treatment of Rice Straw to Improve Its Nutritive Value for Ruminants. Agricultural Wastes, 4, 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(82)90022-1
Saadullah, M., Haque, M. and Dolberg, F. (1981) Effectiveness of Ammonification through Urea in Improving the Feeding Value of Rice Straw in Ruminants. Tropical Animal Production, 6, 30-36.
Kowalczyk, J. (1994) Treatment of Barley Straw with Ammonia or Urea Solutions and Digestibility of Its Structural Carbohydrate Fractions in Sheep. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 3, 129-139. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/69827/1994
Agnemo, R., Gellerstedt, G., Leban, J.J., Bjorkroth, U., Rosell, S., Folkers, K., et al. (1979) The Reactions of Lignin with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide. Part II. Factors Influencing the Decomposition of Phenolic Structures. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 33, 337-342. https://doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.33b-0337
Latham, M.J., Brooker, B.E., Pettipher, G.L. and Harris, P.J. (1978) Ruminococcus flavefaciens Cell Coat and Adhesion to Cotton Cellulose and to Cell Walls in Leaves of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 35, 156-165. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.35.1.156-165.1978
Lindberg, J.E. (1981) The Effect of Sample Size and Sample Structure on the Degradation of Dry Matter, Nitrogen and Cell Walls in Nylon Bags. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11, 71-76.
Playne, M.J., Khumnualthong, W. and Echevarria, M.G. (1978) Factors Affecting the Digestion of Oesophageal Fistula Samples and Hay Samples in Nylon Bags in the Rumen of Cattle. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 90, 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600048747
DeB. Hovell, F.D., Campos-Arceu, R. and Kyle, D.J. (1987) The Effect of Grinding and Pelleting of Roughages of Known Degradability on Voluntary Intake and Digestibility by Sheep. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972), 1987, 57. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034930
Ramanzin, M., Bailoni, L. and Schiavon, S. (1997) Effect of Forage to Concentrate Ratio on Comparative Digestion in Sheep, Goats and Fallow Deer. Animal Science, 64, 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800015678
Erwin, E.S. and Elliston, N.G. (1959) Rapid Method of Determining Digestibility of Concentrates and Roughage in Cattle. Journal Animal Science, 18, 1518.
Chaudhry, A.S. (2000) Rumen Degradation in Sacco in Sheep of Wheat Straw Treated with Calcium Oxide, Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide plus Hydrogen Peroxide. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 83, 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00134-0
Mohamed, R.A.I. (2005) In-Vitro Methods Using Alternative Source of Inocula to Estimate Degradation of Ruminant Feeds. School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Lindberg, J.E. and Varvikko, T. (1982) The Effect of Bag Pore Size on the Ruminal Degradation of Dry Matter, Nitrogen Compounds and Cell Walls in Nylon Bags. Swedish Journal of Agri-cultural Research, 12, 136-171.
Chaudhry, A.S. and Miller, E.L. (1996) The Effect of Sodium Hydroxide and Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide on Chemical Composition of Wheat Straw and Voluntary Intake, Growth and Digesta Kinetics in Store Lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 60, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00926-4
Rai, S.N. and Mudgal, V.D. (1988) Effects of Cellulase, Alkali and/or Steam, Treatments of Wheat Straw on Intake, Digestibility and Balances of Min-erals in Goats. Biological Wastes, 24, 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(88)90060-2
Silva, A.T. and Orskov, E.R. (1988) Fibre Degradation in the Rumens of Animals Receiving Hay, Untreated or Ammonia-Treated Straw. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 19, 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(88)90090-9
Daniel, T., et al. (2017) In Sacco Dry Matter Degradability of Urea and Effective Microorganism (EM) Treated Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Stover. Advances in Biological Research, 11, 41-50.
Orskov, E.R., Reid, G.W., Holland, S.M., Tait, C.A.G. and Lee, N.H. (1983) The Feeding Value for Ruminants of Straw and Wholecrop Barley and Oats Treated with Anhydrous or Aqueous Ammonia or Urea. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 8, 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(83)90046-9
Cloete, S.W.P. and Kritzinger, N.M. (1984) A Laboratory Assessment of Various Treatment Conditions Affecting the Ammoniation of Wheat Straw by Urea. 1. The Effect of Temperature, Moisture Level and Treatment Period. South African Journal of Animal Science, 14, 55-58.
Schneider, M. and Flachowsky, G. (1990) Studies on Ammonia Treatment of Wheat Straw: Effects of Level of Ammonia, Moisture Content, Treatment Time and Temperature on Straw Composition and Degradation in the Rumen of Sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 29, 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(90)90031-3
Saenger, P.F., Leme-nager, R.P. and Hendrix, K.S. (1983) Effects of Anhydrous Ammonia Treatment of Wheat Straw upon in Vitro Digestion, Per-formance and Intake by Beef Cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 56, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1983.56115x
Terashima, Y., Tohrai, N. and Itoh, H. (1984) Effect of Ammonia Treatment on Free Carboxyl Group Content and Fiber Saturation Point of Rice Straw and Rice Hulls. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho, 55, 569-575. https://doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.55.569
Goto, M., Yokoe, Y., Takabe, K., Nisikawa, S. and Morita, O. (1993) Effects of Gaseous Ammonia on Chemical and Structural Features of Cell Walls in Spring Barley Straw. Animal Feed Science and Tech-nology, 40, 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(93)90157-f
Latham, M.J., Hobbs, D.G. and Harris, P.J. (1979) Adhesion of Rumen Bacteria to Alkali-Treated Plant Stems. Annual Research of Veterinary, 10, 244-245.
Chen, X.L., Wang, J.K., Wu, Y.M. and Liu, J.X. (2008) Effects of Chemical Treatments of Rice Straw on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Fibrolytic Enzyme Activities and Populations of Liquid- and Solid-Associated Ruminal Microbes in Vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.006
Singh, K., et al. (1997) Dynamics of Feed Resources in Mixed Farming Systems of South Asia. In: Renard, C., Ed., Crop Residues in Sustainable Mixed Crop/Livestock Farming Systems, CABI, 113-130.
Itoh, H., Terashima, Y. and Hayashizaki, A. (1981) Ammoniated Rice Straw and Rice Hulls and Rumen Microbial Degradation Investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho, 52, 671-679. https://doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.52.671
Craig, W.M., Broderick, G.A. and Ricker, D.B. (1987) Quantitation of Microorganisms Associated with the Particulate Phase of Ruminal Ingesta. The Journal of Nutrition, 117, 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/117.1.56
Silva, A.T., Wallace, R.J. and Orskov, E.R. (1987) Use of Particle-Bound Microbial Enzyme Activity to Predict the Rate and Extent of Fibre Degradation in the Rumen. British Journal of Nutrition, 57, 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19870048
Poncet, C., et al. (1995) Dietary Compounds Es-caping Rumen Digestion. In: Journet, M., Grenet, E., Farce, M.-H., Thriez, M. and Demarquilly, C., Eds., Recent Developments in the Nutrition of Herbivores, INRA Editions, 167-204.
