Exploring the Recognition of Dogs as Sentient Beings: Understanding the Evolution of Dog Psychology

Dogs have a profound history of companionship with humans, evolving from utilitarian tools to cherished sentient beings deserving empathy and consideration. This study explores the transformation of society's perception of dogs from historical, scientific, and philosophical viewpoints. Objectives: This study sought to achieve three main objectives: 1) explore historical and cultural perspectives on dog sentience, 2) analyse scientific evidence supporting the concept of dog sentience, and 3) investigate philosophical arguments concerning the moral worth of dogs. Methods: A systematic review methodology was employed, involving rigorous steps, such as database selection, search queries, criteria for inclusion/exclusion, screening, data extraction, synthesis, quality assessment, and reporting. Ethical approval was not deemed necessary because the study analysed publicly available literature. Results: 1) Historical and Cultural Perspectives: The paper examines how ancient civilisations revered dogs as symbols of loyalty, protection, and companionship. It also explores how Eastern and Western cultures have recognised and valued dogs throughout history, emphasising their deep-rooted connections to human societies. 2) Scientific Evidence: Scientific research highlights dogs' impressive cognitive abilities, emotional intelligence, and critical thinking skills. Neuroscientific studies have revealed the neural correlates of dog emotions, social cognition, and communication, thus providing evidence for their complex inner lives. 3) Philosophical Perspectives: Philosophical arguments on animal ethics and the moral status of dogs challenge the traditional views of animals as property. They advocate for the moral consideration, rights, and protection of dogs based on their consciousness, emotions, and social interactions. Conclusion: The recognition of dogs as sentient beings evolved through the interplay of historical, cultural, and societal influences. Understanding these multifaceted perspectives enriches our appreciation of the human-dog bond and underscores their responsibility to ensure their well-being and ethical treatment. This study contributes to a growing body of knowledge advocating the recognition and protection of dogs as valued members of our shared existence.