全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

The Effect of Typographic Modifications on Pupil and Blink Behavior in Dyslexic and Non-Dyslexic Readers

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1109238, PP. 1-16

Subject Areas: Optical Communications, Information Science, Psychology, Linguistics

Keywords: Dyslexia, Visual Stress, Reading

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

This paper examines the effect of four typographic modification variables among a group of dyslexic and non-dyslexic adults (18 - 45 y) during English reading. The eye movement recordings of 14 participants dyslexic (n = 2) and non-dyslexic (n = 14) readers were analyzed by examining the following parameters: pupil diameter, blink count, blink duration and blink frequency. The typographic modification variables assessed co comprise font color, background color, line spacing and font type. It was identified that the following modifications 1) font type, 2) background color, 3) line spacing 4) font color impacted eye movements and induced a visually stressful environment for the dyslexic reader. The results substantiates that the manipulation of typographic presentation of English language text can evoke atypical pupil and blink behavior in dyslexic individuals when compared to non-dyslexic individuals. The findings contribute to the creation of an eye movement profile for dyslexic individuals that can identify optimal settings for viewing electronic reading stimuli.

Cite this paper

Tooze, L. (2022). The Effect of Typographic Modifications on Pupil and Blink Behavior in Dyslexic and Non-Dyslexic Readers. Open Access Library Journal, 9, e9238. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109238.

References

[1]  Adubasim, I.C.J. and Nganji, J. (2017) Dyslexia—A Learning Difference. Autism Open Access, 7, 1-4.
[2]  Fraga González, G., Karipidis, I.I. and Tijms, J. (2018) Dyslexia as a Neuro-Developmental Disorder and What Makes It Different from a Chess Disorder. Brain Sciences, 8, Article 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8100189
[3]  Cogo-Moreira, H., Andriolo, R.B., Yazigi, L., Ploubidis, G.B., de ávila, C.R.B. and Mari, J.J. (2012) Music Education for Improving Reading Skills in Children and Adolescents with Dyslexia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, No. 8, CD009133. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009133.pub2
[4]  Adubasim, I. (2018) Improving Working Memory and Processing Speed of Students with Dyslexia in Nigeria. Online Submission, 5, 103-123.
[5]  Schneider, E. (2012) Dyslexia and Foreign Language Learning. In: Reid, G., Ed., The Routledge Companion to Dyslexia, Routledge, London, 319-332. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203458709
[6]  Kizilaslan, A. and Tunagür, M. (2021) Dyslexia and Working Memory: Understanding Reading Comprehension and High-Level Language Skills in Students with Dyslexia. Kastamonu Egitim Dergisi, 29, 941-952.
[7]  Rose, J. (2009) Identifying and Teaching Children and Young People with Dyslexia and Literacy Difficulties: An Independent Report.
[8]  Doikou-Avlidou, M. (2015) The Educational, Social and Emotional Experiences of Students with Dyslexia: The Perspective of Postsecondary Education Students. International Journal of Special Education, 30, 132-145.
[9]  Taylor, M.J., Duffy, S. and England, D. (2009) Teaching Students with Dyslexia in Higher Education. Education Training, 51, 139-149. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910910941291
[10]  Fischer, B., Biscaldi, M. and Otto, P. (1993) Saccadic Eye Movements of Dyslexic Adult Subjects. Neuropsychologia, 31, 887-906. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(93)90146-Q
[11]  Rayner, K. (1985) Do Faulty Eye Movements Cause Dyslexia? Developmental Neuropsychology, 1, 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565648509540294
[12]  Breznitz, Z., Shaul, S., Horowitz-Kraus, T., Sela, I., Nevat, M. and Karni, A. (2013) Enhanced Reading by Training with Imposed Time Constraint in Typical and Dyslexic Adults. Nature Communications, 4, Article No. 1486. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2488
[13]  Rayner, K., Carlson, M. and Frazier, L. (1983) The Interaction of Syntax and Semantics during Sentence Processing: Eye Movements in the Analysis of Semantically Biased Sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 358-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90236-0
[14]  Rayner, K. (1998) Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 Years of Research. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 372-422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
[15]  Krauzlis, R.J., Goffart, L. and Hafed, Z.M. (2017) Neuronal Control of Fixation and Fixational Eye Movements. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 372, Article ID: 20160205. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0205
[16]  Hyönä, J. and Olson, R.K. (1995) Eye Fixation Patterns among Dyslexic and Normal Readers: Effects of Word Length and Word Frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 1430-1440. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.6.1430
[17]  Navya, Y., SriDevi, S., Akhila, P., Amudha, J. and Jyotsna, C. (2019) Third Eye: Assistance for Reading Disability. International Conference on Soft Computing and Signal Processing, Hyderabad, 21-22 June 2019, 237-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2475-2_22
[18]  Dürrwächter, U., Sokolov, A.N., Reinhard, J., Klosinski, G. and Trauzettel-Klosinski, S. (2010) Word Length and Word Frequency Affect Eye Movements in Dyslexic Children Reading in a Regular (German) Orthography. Annals of Dyslexia, 60, 86-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-010-0034-9
[19]  Al Dahhan, N.Z., Kirby, J.R., Brien, D.C. and Munoz, D.P. (2017) Eye Movements and Articulations during a Letter Naming Speed Task: Children with and without Dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 50, 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219415618502
[20]  Franzen, L., Stark, Z. and Johnson, A.P. (2021) Individuals with Dyslexia Use a Different Visual Sampling Strategy to Read Text. Scientific Reports, 11, Article No. 6449. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84945-9
[21]  Prabha, A.J. and Bhargavi, R. (2020) Predictive Model for Dyslexia from Fixations and Saccadic Eye Movement Events. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 195, Article ID: 105538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105538
[22]  Ikeshita, H., Yamaguchi, S., Morioka, T. and Yamazoe, T. (2018) Effects of Highlighting Text on the Reading Ability of Children with Developmental Dyslexia: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13, 239-251. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i09.8736
[23]  Schattka, K.I., Radach, R. and Huber, W. (2010) Eye Movement Correlates of Acquired Central Dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 48, 2959-2973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.005
[24]  Andreou, G. and Baseki, J. (2012) Phonological and Spelling Mistakes among Dyslexic and Non-Dyslexic Children Learning Two Different Languages: Greek vs English. Psychology, 3, 595-600. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.38089
[25]  Thiessen, M., Beier, S. and Keage, H. (2020) A Review of the Cognitive Effects of Disfluent Typography on Functional Reading. The Design Journal, 23, 797-815. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2020.1810434
[26]  Rivero-Contreras, M., Engelhardt, P.E. and Saldaña, D. (2021) An Experimental Eye-Tracking Study of Text Adaptation for Readers with Dyslexia: Effects of Visual Support and Word Frequency. Annals of Dyslexia, 71, 170-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-021-00217-1
[27]  Berget, G. and Fagernes, S. (2021) Reading Experiences and Reading Efficiency among Adults with Dyslexia: An Accessibility Study. In: Antona, M. and Stephanidis, C., Eds., International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Springer, Cham, 221-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78095-1_17
[28]  Benedetto, S., Pedrotti, M., Minin, L., Baccino, T., Re, A. and Montanari, R. (2011) Driver Workload and Eye Blink Duration. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 14, 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2010.12.001
[29]  Zhan, Z., Zhang, L., Mei, H. and Fong, P.S. (2016) Online Learners’ Reading Ability Detection Based on Eye-Tracking Sensors. Sensors, 16, Article 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091457
[30]  Rodriguez, J.D., Lane, K.J., Ousler III, G.W., Angjeli, E., Smith, L.M. and Abelson, M.B. (2018) Blink: Characteristics, Controls, and Relation to Dry Eyes. Current Eye Research, 43, 52-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2017.1381270
[31]  Lallier, M. and Valdois, S. (2012) Sequential versus Simultaneous Processing Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia. In: Wydell, T.N. and Fern-Pollak, L., Eds., Dyslexia—A Comprehensive and International Approach, IntechOpen, London, 73-108. https://doi.org/10.5772/39042
[32]  Hopstaken, J.F., Van Der Linden, D., Bakker, A.B. and Kompier, M.A. (2015) The Window of My Eyes: Task Disengagement and Mental Fatigue Covary with Pupil Dynamics. Biological Psychology, 110, 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.013
[33]  Stein, J. (2001) The Magnocellular Theory of Developmental Dyslexia. Dyslexia, 7, 12-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.186
[34]  Stein, J.F. (2017) A Visual Defect in Dyslexics? In: Dyslexia in Children, Routledge, London, 137-156. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315504773-7
[35]  Stein, J. (2018) What Is Developmental Dyslexia? Brain Sciences, 8, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8020026
[36]  Caskey, J. and Freney, P. (2019) What Is the Effect of Dyslexia and Meares-Irlen Syndrome in Adult Vocational Students? European Journal of Education Studies, 6, 145-156.
[37]  Alanazi, M.A., Alanazi, S.A. and Osuagwu, U.L. (2016) Evaluation of Visual Stress Symptoms in Age-Matched Dyslexic, Meares-Irlen Syndrome and Normal Adults. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 9, 617-624.
[38]  Harries, P., Hall, R., Ray, N. and Stein, J. (2015) Using Coloured Filters to Reduce the Symptoms of Visual Stress in Children with Reading Delay. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 22, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038128.2014.989903
[39]  Razuk, M., Perrin-Fievez, F., Gerard, C.L., Peyre, H., Barela, J.A. and Bucci, M.P. (2018) Effect of Colored Filters on Reading Capabilities in Dyslexic Children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 83, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.07.006
[40]  Grant, D. (2004) From Myths to Realities: Lessons to Be Drawn from over 600 Student Assessments. 6th International Conference of the British Dyslexia Association, Warwick, 27-30 March 2004.
[41]  Saksida, A., Iannuzzi, S., Bogliotti, C., Chaix, Y., Démonet, J.F., Bricout, L. and Ramus, F. (2016) Phonological Skills, Visual Attention Span, and Visual Stress in Developmental Dyslexia. Developmental Psychology, 52, 1503-1516. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000184
[42]  Loew, S.J., Marsh, N.V., Rodríguez-Pérez, C., Watson, K. and Jones, G.L. (2021) Symptoms and Severity of Visual Stress in Nursing Students: Implications for Education and Healthcare Settings. Journal of Psychology and Education, 16, 75-87. https://doi.org/10.23923/rpye2021.01.203
[43]  Scaltritti, M., Miniukovich, A., Venuti, P., Job, R., De Angeli, A. and Sulpizio, S. (2019) Investigating Effects of Typographic Variables on Webpage Reading through Eye Movements. Scientific Reports, 9, Article No. 12711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49051-x
[44]  Minakata, K. and Beier, S. (2021) The Effect of Font Width on Eye Movements during Reading. Applied Ergonomics, 97, Article ID: 103523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103523
[45]  British Dyslexia Association (2018) Dyslexia.
[46]  Zikl, P., Bartosová, I.K., Vísková, K.J., Havlícková, K., Kucírková, A., Navrátilová, J. and Zetková, B. (2015) The Possibilities of ICT Use for Compensation of Difficulties with Reading in Pupils with Dyslexia. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176, 915-922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.558
[47]  Yoliando, F.T. (2020) A Comparative Study of Dyslexia Style Guides in Improving Readability for People with Dyslexia. In: International Conference of Innovation in Media and Visual Design (IMDES 2020), Atlantis Press, Amsterdam, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201202.050
[48]  Watts, C. (2021) Supporting the Reading Experience of Higher Education Students with Visual Stress. Transitions Quality, Adaptability and Sustainability in Times of Change, Centre for Learning and Teaching, University of Brighton Press, Brighton, 17-23.
[49]  Suroya, S.H. and Al-Samarraie, H. (2016) Gender Differences in the Visual Prediction of Dyslexia. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Human Computer Interactions, Chennaiadu, 10-11 March 2016, 120-123.
[50]  Wang, R., Chen, L., Ayesh, A., Shell, J. and Solheim, I. (2019) Gaze-Based Assessment of Dyslexic Students’ Motivation within an E-Learning Environment. 2019 IEEE Smart World, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation, Leicester, 19-23 August 2019, 610-617. https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartWorld-UIC-ATC-SCALCOM-IOP-SCI.2019.00142
[51]  Hari, R., Valta, M. and Uutela, K. (1999) Prolonged Attentional Dwell Time in Dyslexic Adults. Neuroscience Letters, 271, 202-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00547-9
[52]  Karande, S. and Agarwal, A. (2017) Ophthalmic Abnormalities in Children with Dyslexia: A Look at Current Research. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 63, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.198138
[53]  Abusharha, A.A. (2017) Changes in Blink Rate and Ocular Symptoms during Different Reading Tasks. Clinical Optometry, 9, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTO.S142718
[54]  Argyle, E.M., Marinescu, A., Wilson, M.L., Lawson, G. and Sharples, S. (2021) Physiological Indicators of Task Demand, Fatigue, and Cognition in Future Digital Manufacturing Environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 145, Article ID: 102522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102522
[55]  Brooks, P., Everatt, J. and Fidler, R. (2004) Adult Reading Test (ART) Roehampton: Roehampton University of Surrey.
[56]  Abdelrahman, Y., Khan, A.A., Newn, J., Velloso, E., Safwat, S.A., Bailey, J. and Schmidt, A. (2019) Classifying Attention Types with Thermal Imaging and Eye Tracking. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 3, Article No. 69. https://doi.org/10.1145/3351227

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413