全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

Exploring the Potential of Non-Pharmacological Therapeutic Interventions to Promote Resilience of the Human Immune System. Part I: Biological Foundations and Structured Exercise

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1108691, PP. 1-26

Subject Areas: Immunology, Biophysics

Keywords: Immunity, Pandemic, Neuroimmunology, Non-Pharmacological Interventions, Structured Exercise, Immune Function, Neurobiology, COVID-19

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

The human immune system relies on the dynamic, complex integration of various cells, proteins, tissues, and organs which work together in concert with the nervous system to recognize, adapt to, and neutralize pathogens. In parallel, there is a neurobiological network of systems which function to react and adapt to changes in the environment to restore and maintain homeostasis in the service of survival. Our dependency on the stability and resilience of this collective ecosystem of responses is amplified during times of heightened risk for illness and when healthcare systems are in fluctuating states of excessive strain, such as in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. The nature of the adaptability of these systems is called into question when confronted with novel viruses that humans have no natural immunity against, and likewise when interfacing with future variants in transition through and into the endemic phase of such outbreaks. Nuanced multidisciplinary investigations of the pathways in which positive changes can be affected and subsequent advantages conferred are warranted for consideration in virtually all domains of healthcare, especially at times when a viral outbreak is uncontained. The following is a series of biological considerations with implications that warrant further discussion and potential extrapolation for individualized employment by healthcare and public health professionals in efforts to combat both current and future crises as they may arise.

Cite this paper

Parker, C. (2022). Exploring the Potential of Non-Pharmacological Therapeutic Interventions to Promote Resilience of the Human Immune System. Part I: Biological Foundations and Structured Exercise. Open Access Library Journal, 9, e8691. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108691.

References

[1]  Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O’Neill, N., et al. (2020) World Health Organization Declares Global Emergency: A Review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery, 76, 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
[2]  World Health Organization. Rolling Updates on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
[3]  Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., et al. (2020) The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
[4]  World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
[5]  Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group (2020) Persistent Symptoms in Patients after Acute COVID-19. JAMA, 324, 603-605. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12603
[6]  Pilotto, A., et al. (2021) COVID-19 Severity Impacts on Long-Term Neurological Manifestation after Hospitalisation. MedRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org
[7]  Vakili, K., Fathi, M., Hajiesmaeili, M., Salari, M., Saluja, D., Tafakhori, A., Sayehmiri, F. and Rezaei-Tavirani, M. (2021) Neurological Symptoms, Comorbidities, and Complications of COVID-19: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. European Neurology, 84, 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516258
[8]  Families USA (2020) The COVID-19 Pandemic and Resulting Economic Crash Have Caused the Greatest Health Insurance Losses in American History. https://www.familiesusa.org/resources/the-covid-19-pandemic-and-resulting-economic-crash-have-caused-the-greatest-health-insurance-losses-in-american-history/
[9]  Zhou, P., Yang, X.L., Wang, X.G., et al. (2020) A Pneumonia Outbreak Associated with a New Coronavirus of Probable Bat Origin. Nature, 579, 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
[10]  Walls, A.C., Park, Y.J., Tortorici, M.A., Wall, A., McGuire, A.T. and Veesler, D. (2020) Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell, 181, 281-292.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
[11]  Duffy, E., Ayers, A., Caínzos-Achirica, M. and Blumenthal, R. (2020) Clinical Review of COVID-19 and CVD: What the Cardiovascular Practitioner Needs to Know. Cardiology Today. https://www.healio.com/cardiology/chd-prevention/news/print/cardiology-today/%7Bc7417d27-5908-4c8a-892b-317ee67cdb19%7D/clinical-review-of-covid-19-and-cvd-what-the-cardiovascular-practitioner-needs-to-know?utm_source=selligent&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=cardiology%20news&m_bt=742684922117
[12]  Hamming, T.W., Timens, W., Bulthuis, M.L.C., Lely, A.T., Navis, G.J. and van Goor, H. (2014) Tissue Distribution of ACE2 Protein, the Functional Receptor for SARS Coronavirus. A First Step in Understanding SARS Pathogenesis. The Journal of Pathology, 203, 631-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1570
[13]  Zhang, H., Penninger, J.M., Li, Y., et al. (2020) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 Receptor: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Target. Intensive Care Medicine, 46, 586-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9
[14]  Guan, W.-J., et al. (2020) Comorbidity and Its Impact on 1590 Patients with Covid-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis. European Respiratory Journal, 55, Article ID: 2000547.
[15]  Zhao, X., Zhang, B., et al. (2020) Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factor of Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MedRxIV.
[16]  Shi, S., Qin, M., Shen, B., et al. (2020) Association of Cardiac Injury with Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiology, 5, 802-810. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950
[17]  Ibarrondo, F.J., Fulcher, J.A., Goodman-Meza, D., et al. (2020) Rapid Decay of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 383, 1085-1087. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2025179
[18]  Shenai, M.B., Rahme, R. and Noorchashm, H. (2021) Equivalency of Protection from Natural Immunity in COVID-19 Recovered versus Fully Vaccinated Persons: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. Cureus, 13, e19102. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.19102
[19]  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) 2019 Novel Coronavirus. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html
[20]  World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Advice for the Public. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
[21]  Iwasaki, A. and Medzhitov, R. (2015) Control of Adaptive Immunity by the Innate Immune System. Nature Immunology, 16, 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3123
[22]  Sourav, P. and Girdhari, L. (2017) The Molecular Mechanism of Natural Killer Cells Function and Its Importance in Cancer Immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, Article 1124. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01124 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01124
[23]  Paust, S., Senman, B. and von Andrian, U.H. (2010) Adaptive Immune Responses Mediated by Natural Killer Cells. Immunological Reviews, 235, 286-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00906.x
[24]  Neibla, P. and Manuel, V. (2019) The Potential of Astrocytes as Immune Modulators in Brain Tumors. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, Article 1314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01314
[25]  Dantzer, R. (1991) Stress and Disease: A Psychobiological Perspective. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 205-210.
[26]  Gunnar, M. and Quevedo, K. (2007) The Neurobiology of Stress. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145-173. https://www.annualreviews.org https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605
[27]  Sokol, C.L. and Luster, A.D. (2015) The Chemokine System in Innate Immunity. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7, a016303. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016303
[28]  Marques-Deak, A. and Sternberg, E. (2004) Psiconeuroimunologia: A relação entre o sistema nervoso central e o sistema imunológico. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 143-144. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462004000300002
[29]  Ye, Q., Wang, B. and Mao, J. (2020) The Pathogenesis and Treatment of the “Cytokine Storm” in COVID-19. Journal of Infection, 80, 607-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037
[30]  Chousterman, B.G., Swirski, F.K. and Weber, G.F. (2017) Cytokine Storm and Sepsis Disease Pathogenesis. Seminars in Immunopathology, 39, 517-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-017-0639-8
[31]  Steinman, L. (2004) Elaborate Interactions between the Immune and Nervous Systems. Nature Immunology, 5, 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1078
[32]  Chiu, I.M., von Hehn, C.A. and Woolf, C.J. (2012) Neurogenic Inflammation and the Peripheral Nervous System in Host Defense and Immunopathology. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 1063-1067. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3144
[33]  Kraneveld, A.D., de Theije, C.G., van Heesch, F., et al. (2014) The Neuro-Immune Axis: Prospect for Novel Treatments for Mental Disorders. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 114, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12154
[34]  Schulkin, J. (2003) Rethinking Homeostasis: Allostatic Regulation in Physiology and Pathophysiology. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5928.001.0001
[35]  Copstead, L.-E. and Banasik, J. (2013) Pathophysiology. 5th Edition, Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, Missouri.
[36]  Ogden, J. (2004) Health Psychology: A Textbook, 3rd Edition, Open University Press, McGraw-Hill Education, 259.
[37]  Alack, K., Pilat, C. and Krüger, K. (2019) Current Knowledge and New Challenges in Exercise Immunology. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 70, 250-260. https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2019.391
[38]  Campbell, J.P. and Turner, J.E. (2018) Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health across the Lifespan. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, Article 648. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648
[39]  Nieman, D. (1998) Exercise Immunology: Practical Applications. Rehabilitation Oncology, 16, 31. https://doi.org/10.1097/01893697-199816030-00025
[40]  Lancaster, G.I. and Febbraio, M.A. (2014) The Immunomodulating Role of Exercise in Metabolic Disease. Trends in Immunology, 35, 262-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.02.008
[41]  Krüger, K., Mooren, F.C. and Pilat, C. (2016) The Immunomodulatory Effects of Physical Activity. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22, 3730-3748. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160322145107
[42]  Walsh, N.P., Gleeson, M., Shephard, R.J., Gleeson, M., Woods, J.A., Bishop, N.C., Fleshner, M., Green, C., Pedersen, B.K., Hoffman-Goetz, L., Rogers, C.J., Northoff, H., Abbasi, A. and Simon, P. (2011) Position Statement. Part One: Immune Function and Exercise. Exercise Immunology Review, 17, 6-63.
[43]  Walsh, N.P., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D.B., Nieman, D.C., Dhabhar, F.S., Shephard, R.J., et al. (2011) Position Statement. Part Two: Maintaining Immune Health. Exercise Immunology Review, 17, 64-103.
[44]  Matta Mello Portugal, E., Cevada, T., Sobral Monteiro-Junior, R., Teixeira Guimarães, T., da Cruz Rubini, E., Lattari, E., Blois, C. and Deslandes, C. (2013) Neuroscience of Exercise: From Neurobiology Mechanisms to Mental Health. Neuropsychobiology, 68, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350946
[45]  Stranahan, A.M., Lee, K. and Mattson, M.P. (2008) Central Mechanisms of HPA Axis Regulation by Voluntary Exercise. NeuroMolecular Medicine, 10, 118-127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-008-8027-0
[46]  Papacosta, E. and Nassis, G.P. (2011) Saliva as a Tool for Monitoring Steroid, Peptide and Immune Markers in Sport and Exercise Science. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14, 424-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.03.004
[47]  Deslandes, A., Moraes, H., Ferreira, C., Veiga, H., Silveira, H., Mouta, R., Pompeu, F.A.M.S., Coutinho, E.S.F. and Laks, J. (2009) Exercise and Mental Health: Many Reasons to Move. Neuropsychobiology, 59, 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1159/000223730
[48]  Cotman, C.W., Berchtold, N.C. and Christie, L.A. (2007) Exercise Builds Brain Health: Key Roles of Growth Factor Cascades and Inflammation. Trends in Neurosciences, 30, 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011
[49]  Bassuk, S.S. and Manson, J.E. (2005) Epidemiological Evidence for the Role of Physical Activity in Reducing Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, 1193-1204. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00160.2005
[50]  Cotman, C. (2002) Exercise: A Behavioral Intervention to Enhance Brain Health and Plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences, 25, 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02143-4
[51]  Hu, J., et al. (2021) Elevated Lactate by High-Intensity Interval Training Regulates the Hippocampal BDNF Expression and the Mitochondrial Quality Control System. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, Article 629914. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2021.629914 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.629914
[52]  Duman, R.S. (2005) Neurotrophic Factors and Regulation of Mood: Role of Exercise, Diet and Metabolism. Neurobiology of Aging, 26, 88-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.08.018
[53]  Jin, Y., Sun, L.H., Yang, W., Cui, R.J. and Xu, S.B. (2019) The Role of BDNF in the Neuroimmune Axis Regulation of Mood Disorders. Frontiers in Neurology, 4, Article 515. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00515
[54]  Lin, T.W. and Kuo, Y.M. (2013) Exercise Benefits Brain Function: The Monoamine Connection. Brain Sciences, 3, 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci3010039
[55]  Hyman, C., Hofer, M., Barde, Y.A., et al. (1991) BDNF Is a Neurotrophic Factor for Dopaminergic Neurons of the Substantia Nigra. Nature, 350, 230-232. https://doi.org/10.1038/350230a0
[56]  Thomas Broome, S., Louangaphay, K., Keay, K.A., Leggio, G.M., Musumeci, G. and Castorina, A. (2020) Dopamine: An Immune Transmitter. Neural Regeneration Research, 15, 2173-2185. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.284976
[57]  Scanzano, A. and Cosentino, M. (2015) Adrenergic Regulation of Innate Immunity: A Review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 6, Article 171. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2015.00171
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00171
[58]  Callaghan, P. (2004) Exercise: A Neglected Intervention in Mental Health Care? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 11, 476-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00751.x
[59]  Bigley, A.B., Rezvani, K., Chew, C., Sekine, T., Pistillo, M., Crucian, B., et al. (2014) Acute Exercise Preferentially Redeploys NK-Cells with a Highly-Differentiated Phenotype and Augments Cytotoxicity against Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma Target Cells. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 39, 160-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.030
[60]  Bigley, A.B., Rezvani, K., Pistillo, M., Reed, J., Agha, N., Kunz, H., et al. (2015) Acute Exercise Preferentially Redeploys NK-Cells with a Highly-Differentiated Phenotype and Augments Cytotoxicity against Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma Target Cells. Part II: Impact of Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection and Catecholamine Sensitivity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 49, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.027
[61]  Dhabhar, F.S. (2014) Effects of Stress on Immune Function: The Good, the Bad, and the beautiful. Immunologic Research, 58, 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-014-8517-0
[62]  Pascoe, A.R., Singh, M.A.F. and Edwards, K.M. (2013) The Effects of Exercise on Vaccination Responses: A Review of Chronic and Acute Exercise Interventions in Humans. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 39, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.003

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413




©2008-2020 OALib, Inc | Public user content licensed CC-BY 4.0 unless otherwise specified. OALib ISSN Online: 2333-9721 OALib ISSN Print: 2333-9705