The Spike S/Basigin (BSG) interaction, validated in 2020, has since been called putative, postulated, and controversial. Two widely referenced articles have been largely responsible for this. The data presented here demonstrate that the exclusion of this interaction that these articles purport to show is due to an inappropriate binding affinity reference value. Spike S/BSG binding avidity is admittedly weaker than that of RH5 (falciparum epitope)/BSG by oligomeric methods, but one cannot then exclude its existence by using a monomeric binding affinity value. Additional clinical and laboratory support for this Spike S/BSG interaction is presented, including the obesity paradox and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Furthermore, BSG is up-regulated in those with comorbidities, something not considered in these two articles.
Ragotte, R.J., Pulido, D., Donnellan, F.R., Hill, M.L., Gorini, G., Davies, H., et al. (2021) Human Basigin (CD147) Does Not Directly Interact with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. mSphere, 6, e00647-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00647-21
Shilts, J., Crozier, T.W.M., Greenwood, E.J.D., Lerner, P. and Wright, G.J. (2021) No Evidence for Basigin/CD147 as a Direct SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding or Receptor. Scientific Reports, 11, Article No. 413. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80464-1
Wang, K., Chen, W., Zhang, Z., Deng, Y., et al. (2020) CD147-Spike Protein Is a Novel Route for SARS-CoV-2 Infection to Host Cells. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 5, 283.
Crosnier, C., Bustamante, L., Bartholdson, S., et al. (2011) Basigin Is a Receptor Essential for Erythrocyte Invasion by Plasmodium falciparum. Nature, 480, 534-537.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10606
Wright, K., Hjerrild, K., Bartlett, J., et al. (2014) Structure of Malaria Invasion Protein RH5 with Erythrocyte Basigin and Blocking Antibodies. Nature, 515, 427-430.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13715
Chen, L., Xu, Y., Healer, J., Thompson, J.K., Smith, B.J., Lawrence, M.C., et al. (2014) Crystal Structure of PfRh5, an Essential P. falciparum Ligand for Invasion of Human Erythrocytes. eLife, 3, e04187. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04187
Wanagurua, M., Liub, W., Hahn, B.H., Raynerd, J.C. and Wright, G.J. (2013) RH5- Basigin Interaction Plays a Major Role in the Host Tropism of Plasmodium falciparum. PNAS, 110, 20735-20740. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320771110
Rose-John, S. (2012) IL-6 Trans-Signaling via the Soluble IL-6 Receptor: Importance for the Pro-Inflammatory Activities of IL-6. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 8, 1237-1247. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.4989
Campeotto, I., Galaway, F., Mehmood, S., Barfod, L.K., Quinkerte, D., Kotraiah, V., et al. (2020) The Structure of the Cysteine-Rich Domain of Plasmodium falciparum P113 Identifies the Location of the RH5 Binding Site. mBio, 11, e01566-20.
https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01566-20
Ball, L., Serpa Neto, A. and Pelosi, P. (2017) Obesity and Survival in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Paradox within the Paradox. Critical Care, 21, 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1682-5
Wyss, K., Wångdahl, A., Vesterlund, M., Hammar, U., Dashti, S., Naucler, P., et al. (2017) Obesity and Diabetes as Risk Factors for Severe Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: Results from a Swedish Nationwide Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65, 949-958. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix437
Chen, Z., Mi, L., Xu, J., Yu, J., Wang, X., Jiang, J., et al. (2005) Function of HAb- 18G/CD147 in Invasion of Host Cells by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 191, 755-760.
https://doi.org/10.1086/427811
Tian, H., Yu, D., Hu, Y., Zhang, P., Yang, Y., Hu, Q., et al. (2018) Angiotensin II Upregulates Cyclophilin A by Enhancing ROS Production in Rat Cardiomyocytes. Molecular Medicine Reports, 18, 4349-4355.
https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9448
Berriman, M. and Fairlamb, A.H. (1998) Detailed Characterization Characterization of a Cyclophilin from the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Biochemical Journal, 334, 297-314. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3340437
Meltzer, E., Keller, S., Shmuel, S. and Schwartz, E. (2019) D-Dimer Levels in Non- Immune Travelers with Malaria. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 27, 104-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.05.004
Yu, H., Qin, C., Chen, M., Wang, W. and Tian, D. (2020) D-Dimer Level Is Associated with the Severity of COVID-19. Thrombosis Research, 195, 219-225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.047
Hu, J., Lei, L., Wang, Y., Wang, K., Hu, X., Wang, A. and Vanderkerken, K. (2016) Interleukin-6 Drives Multiple Myeloma Progression by Up-Regulating of CD147/Emm- prin Expression. Blood, 128, 5632. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V128.22.5632.5632
Regal-McDonald, K. and Patel, R.P. (2020) Selective Recruitment of Monocyte Subsets by Endothelial NGlycans. The American Journal of Pathology, 190, 947-957.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.01.006
Garred, P., Nielsen, M.A., Kurtzhals, J.A.L., Malhotra, R., Madsen, H.O., Goka, B.Q., et al. (2003) Mannose Binding Lectin Is a Disease Modifier in Clinical Malaria and May Function as Opsonin for Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes. Infection and Immunity, 71, 5245-5253. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.9.5245-5253.2003
Hoffa, C. (2021) D-Dimer Tests Show at Least 62 Percent of mRNA “Vaccinated” Patients Have Microscopic Blood Clots. Andara Press.
https://adarapress.com/2021/07/14/d-dimer-tests-show-at-least-62-percent-of-mrna-vaccinated-patients-have-microscopic-blood-clots-reports-dr-charles-hoffe-m-d