Pathological Survey on Early Leaf Blight of Tomato and In Vitro Effect of Culture Media, Temperature and pH on Growth and Sporulation of Alternaria solani
Alternaria solani causing early blight of tomato is a serious disease, causing 50% to 86% losses in fruit yield and 20% to 40% losses in seedling establishment. Pathological survey, etiology and physiological characterization of the causal organism are necessary to formulate effective management strategy. Therefore, present study was conducted to determine the incidence and severity of early leaf blight of tomato in some selected area of Bangladesh and to evaluate the effect of different culture media on radial mycelial growth and sporulation as well as the effect of pH and temperature on mycelial growth. Survey was conducted in five upazilas of Bogura district and typical early blight disease sample was collected from surveyed field and Germplasm Centre, Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna. Seven different culture media were used namely Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Richard’s Agar (RA), Waskman Agar (WA), Corn meal Agar (CA), Asthana and Hawker’s Agar (AHA), Oat Meal Agar (OMA), V-8 Juice Agar Medium (VJAM) and seven different pH level such as 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0 were used and also exercised five distinct temperatures such as 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C to appraise cultural characters, mycelial growth and sporulation of A. solani. Cultural characters such as colony color, colony diameter, growth margin, growth surface and margin topography showed distinguished variation in culture media. Among the seven different media V-8 Juice Agar Medium gave not only maximum mycelial growth (73.10 mm) but also highest sporulation (2000 spores ml?1). The optimum pH for maximum mycelial growth ranged to 5.5 - 6.5. But maximum mycelial growth (71.70 mm) was observed in pH 6. Whereas, the mycelial growth was favored by 20°C - 30°C temperature but 25°C temperature provided highest mycelial growth (72.20 mm). However, temperature above 40°C was found adverse for the growth of tested fungus.
Cite this paper
Parvin, I. , Mondal, C. , Sultana, S. , Sultana, N. and Aminuzzaman, F. M. (2021). Pathological Survey on Early Leaf Blight of Tomato and In Vitro Effect of Culture Media, Temperature and pH on Growth and Sporulation of Alternaria solani. Open Access Library Journal, 8, e7219. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1107219.
Musa, L.M., Haroun, K.S. and Raja, U.C. (2007) Performance of Tomato Plants Under Different Levels of Organic Compost during Dry Seasons in Northern Nigeria. Journal of Arid Agriculture, 21, 591-601.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2016) All Crops Summary 2008-2009. Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Govt. of Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1-7.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT).
http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
Halder, N.K., Saha, M.K., Kabir, A.H.M.F., Sarker, J.U. and Rahman, M.J. (2003) Response of Summer Tomato to Hormone and Planting Time at Hill Slope. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 6, 146-148.
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.146.148
Mathur, K. and Shekhawat, K.S. (1986) Chemical Control of Early Blight in Kharif Sown Tomato. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 16, 235-238.
Neergaard, P. (1945) Danish Species of Alternaria and Stemphylium: Taxonomy, Parasitism, Economic Significance. Oxford University Press, London, 260-287.
Koley, S. and Mahapatra, S.S. (2015) Evaluation of Culture Media for Growth Characteristics of Alternaria solani, Causing Early Blight of Tomato. Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, S1, 5.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000S1-005
Diba, K., Kordbacheh, P., Mirhendi, S.H., Rezaie, S. and Mahmoudi, M. (2007) Identification of Aspergillus Species Using Morphological Characteristics. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 23, 867-872.
Zain, M.E., Razak, A.A., El-Sheikh, H.H., Soliman, H.G. and Khalil, A.M. (2009) Influence of Growth Medium on Diagnostic Characters of Aspergillus and Penicillium Species. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3, 280-286.
Stevenson, R.E. and Packer, S.P. (1988) Effect of Radiation Temperature and Moisture on Conidial Germination of Alternaria solani. Phytopathology, 78, 926-930.
https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-78-926
Rodriguez, A.C.M. and Santana, C.R. (1991) Effectivity of New Culture Media and Temperature on the Growth in Vitro of Alternaria solani. Centro Agrícola, 18, 86-88.
Prasad, B., Dutt, B.L. and Nagaich, B.B. (1973) Inducing Sporulation in Alternaria solani I, Effect of Water Treatment. Mycopathologia, 49, 141-146.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02050856
Tong, Y.H., Liang, J.N. and Xu, J.Y. (1994) Study on the Biology and Pathogenicity of Alternaria solani on Tomato. Journal Jiangsu Agricultural College, 15, 29-31.
Soni, R., Tanwar, V.K. and Yadav, S.M. (2017) Survey and Screening of Genotypes against Alternaria solani Caused Early Blight of Tomato in Southern Part of Rajasthan. Chemical Science Review and Letters, 6, 1483-1489.
Rao, S., Danish, S., Keflemariam, S., Tesfagergish, H., Tesfamariam, R. and Habtemariam, T. (2016) Pathological Survey on Disease Incidence and Severity of Major Diseases on Tomato and Chilli Crops Grown in Sub Zoba Hamelmalo, Eritrea. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 2, 20-31.
https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0201004
Ginoya, C.M. and Gohel, N.M. (2015) Cultural and Morphological Variability among the Isolates of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Incitant of Fruit Rot of Chilli. International Journal of Plant Protection, 8, 118-125.
https://doi.org/10.15740/HAS/IJPP/8.1/118-125
Mehta, P.P. and Prasad, R.N. (1976) Investigations on Alternaria sesami Causing Leaf Blight of Til. Proceedings of the Bihar Academy of Sciences, 24, 104-109.
Shabana, Y.M., AbouTabl, A.H. and Al-Farhan, I.M.H. (2015) Effect of Culture Media on Mycelia Growth and Sporulation of Two Isolates of Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 6, 1135-1141. https://doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2015.74714
Zhu, Z.Y., Huang, Y.M. and Li, Y.H. (1985) An Efficient Technique for Inducing Profuse Sporulation of Alternaria solani in Pure Culture. Acta Mycologica Sinica, 4, 180-181.
Savitha, A.S., Naik, M. K. and Kumar, A.K. (2013) Cultural, Morphological, Physiological and Pathogenic Diversity among the Isolates of Alternaria sp. Incitant of Blight Disease of sesame. Journal of Mycopathological Research, 51, 259-265.
Kumar, V., Kumar, K.P. and Kumar, K.M. (2015) Study of Variability and Sporulation by Isolates of Alternaria solani of Lycopersicon esculentum (MILL). Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 6, 1264-1270.
Pipaliya, B.H. and Jadeja, K.B. (2008) Cultural Variability and Mancozeb Sensitivity of Different Isolates of A. burnsii L. Journal of Indian Mycology and Plant Pathology, 38, 121-122.
Hubballi, M., Nakkeeran, S., Raguchander, T., Anand, T. and Samiyappan, R. (2010) Effect of Environmental Conditions on Growth of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Blight of Noni. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6, 171-177.
Saeed, M.A., Ahmad, A. and Khan, M.A. (1995) Effect of Different Media, Temperature, pH Levels, Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Growth of Alternaria spp. Pakistan Journal of Plant Pathology, 7, 210-211.
Samuel, G.S. and Govindaswamy, C.V. (1972) Effect of Vitamins and Levels of pH on the Growth and Sporulation of Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of the Leaf Blight Disease of Sesame. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 2, 185-186.
Ramjegathesh, R. and Ebenezar, E.G. (2012) Morphological and Physiological Characters of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Blight Disease of Onion. International Journal of Plant Pathology, 3, 34-44. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijpp.2012.34.44
Kaul, A.K. and Saxena, H.K. (1988) Physiologic Specialization in Alternaria solani Causing Early Blight of Tomato. Indian Journal of Mycology Plant Pathology, 18, 128-132
Kaur, M. and Aggarwal, N.K. (2015) Effect of Different Temperature on Growth of Alternaria macrospora Isolated from Parthenium Weed. Plant Science Weed, 5, 50-54.