Taking into account its merits in terms of high efficiency and low energy consumption, electrochemical (EC) technology especially bioelectrochemical system (BES) has been applied largely in reducing different antibiotics from wastewater. BES averts the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via forming less quantity of sludge compared with wastewater treatment plants. Nevertheless, transmembrane permeability and membrane potential could be influenced by the electrical stimulation, conducting to augmentations in the antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs in BES. This work discusses the utilization of EC technology especially BES for antibiotic reduction and the fate of ARB and ARGs in such systems. BES can effectively remove antibiotics. Nevertheless, low electric current promotes vertical and horizontal ARGs transfer during the treatment of antibiotics in BES. ARB and ARGs could be inhibited by a higher electric current. Questions regarding the potential role of BES in antibiotic removal and the consequent fate of ARGs and ARB in wastewater are presented. Further research is needed to elucidate the primary ARG transfer mechanism and to fully understand the advantages of BESs.
Cite this paper
Ghernaout, D. (2020). Demobilizing Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes by Electrochemical Technology: New Insights. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6685. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106685.
He, P.J., Zhou, Y.Z., Shao, L.M., Huang, J.H., Yang, Z. and Lü, F. (2019) The Discrepant Mobility of Antibiotic Resistant Genes: Evidence from Their Spatial Distribution in Sewage Sludge Flocs. Science of the Total Environment, 697, Article ID: 134176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134176
Li, H.N., Li, B.X., Ma, J.L., Ye, J., Guo, P. and Li, L.F. (2018) Fate of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Electrokinetic Treatment of Antibiotic-Polluted Soil. Chemical Engineering Journal, 337, 584-594.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.154
Auguet, O., Pijuan, M., Borrego, C.M., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Triadó-Margarit, X., Giustina, S.V.D. and Gutierrez, O. (2017) Sewers as Potential Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance. Science of the Total Environment, 605-606, 1047-1054.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.153
Qiao, M., Ying, G.G., Singer, A.C. and Zhu, Y.Z. (2018) Review of Antibiotic Resistance in China and Its Environment. Environment International, 110, 160-172.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.016
Cheng, J., Tang, X. and Cui, J. (2019) Effect of Long-Term Manure Slurry Application on the Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Arable Purple Soil (Entisol). Science of the Total Environment, 647, 853-861.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.028
Vikesland, P.J., Pruden, A., Alvarez, P.J.J., Aga, D., Bürgmann, H., Li, X.D., Manaia, C.M., Nambi, I., Wigginton, K., Zhang, T. and Zhu, Y.G. (2017) Towards a Comprehensive Strategy to Mitigate Dissemination of Environmental Sources of Antibiotic Resistance. Environmental Science & Technology, 51, 13061-13069.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03623
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Should We Forbid the Consumption of Antibiotics to Stop the Spread of Resistances in Nature? Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6138.
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Removing Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) Carrying Genes (ARGs): Challenges and Futuretrends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6003. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106003
Sharma, V.K., Johnson, N., Cizmas, L., Mcdonald, T.J. and Kim, H. (2016) A Review of the Influence of Treatment Strategies on Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes. Chemosphere, 150, 702-714.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.084
Dodd, M.C. (2012) Potential Impacts of Disinfection Processes on Elimination and Deactivation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes during Water and Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 14, 1754-1771.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em00006g
Pruden, A. (2014) Balancing Water Sustainability and Public Health Goals in the Face of Growing Concerns about Antibiotic Resistance. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1021/es403883p
Ghernaout, D., Alshammari, Y. and Alghamdi, A. (2018) Improving Energetically Operational Procedures in Wastewater Treatment Plants. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5, 64-72. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.09.010
Alshammari, Y., Ghernaout, D., Aichouni, M. and Touahmia, M. (2018) Improving Operational Procedures in Riyadh’s (Saudi Arabia) Water Treatment Plants Using Quality Tools. Applied Engineering, 2, 60-71.
Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W. and Aouabed, A. (2011) On the Dependence of Chlorine By-Products Generated Species Formation of the Electrode Material and Applied Charge during Electrochemical Water Treatment. Desalination, 270, 9-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.010
Ghernaout, D., Moulay, S., Ait Messaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Naceur, M.W. and Boucherit, A. (2014) Coagulation and Chlorination of NOM and Algae in Water Treatment: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2, 23-34.
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) UV-C/H2O2 and Sunlight/H2O2 in the Core of the Best Available Technologies for Dealing with Present Dares in Domestic Wastewater Reuse. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6161.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106161
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Urgent Proposals for Disinfecting Hospital Wastewaters during COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6373. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106373
Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2020) Controlling COVID-19 Pandemic through Wastewater Monitoring. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6411.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106411
Ghernaout, D. (2013) The Best Available Technology of Water/Wastewater Treatment and Seawater Desalination: Simulation of the Open Sky Seawater Distillation. Green Sustain. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 3, 68-88.
https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2013.32012
Ghernaout, D. (2018) Increasing Trends towards Drinking Water Reclamation from Treated Wastewater. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.11
Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2010) From Chemical Disinfection to Electrodisinfection: The Obligatory Itinerary? Desalination and Water Treatment, 16, 156-175. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1085
Ghernaout, D. (2018) Disinfection and DBPs Removal in Drinking Water Treatment: A Perspective for a Green Technology. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5, 108-117. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.02.018
Ghernaout, D., Aichouni, M. and Touahmia, M. (2019) Mechanistic Insight into Disinfection by Electrocoagulation—A Review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 141, 68-81. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23457
Ghernaout, D. (2019) Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation for Disinfecting Water: New Breakthroughs and Implied Mechanisms. Applied Engineering, 3, 125-133.
Czekalski, N., Imminger, S., Salhi, E., Veljkovic, M., Kleffe, K. and Drissner, D. (2016) Inactivation of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes by Ozone: from Laboratory Experiments to Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment, Environmental Science & Technology, 50, 11862-11871.
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Mechanistic Insight into Disinfection Using Ferrate(VI). Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5946.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105946
Al Arni, S., Amous, J. and Ghernaout, D. (2019) On the Perspective of Applying of a New Method for Wastewater Treatment Technology: Modification of the Third Traditional Stage with Two Units, one by Cultivating Microalgae and Another by Solar Vaporization. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, 16, Article ID: 555934. https://doi.org/10.19080/IJESNR.2019.16.555934
Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. and Ghareba, S. (2019) Drinking Water Reuse: One- Step Closer to Overpassing the “Yuck Factor”. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5895.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105895
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Facts and Future Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6139. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106139
Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N., Ghareba, S. and Salih, A. (2020) Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) for Disinfecting Water—Fresh Perspectives. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6257. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106257
Ghernaout, D. (2013) Advanced Oxidation Phenomena in Electrocoagulation Process: A Myth or a Reality? Desalination and Water Treatment, 51, 7536-7554.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.792520
Zhang, Y., Zhuang, Y., Geng, J., Ren, H., Zhang, Y., Ding, L. and Xu, K. (2015) Inactivation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Municipal Wastewater Effluent by Chlorination and Sequential UV/Chlorination Disinfection. Science of the Total Environment, 512-513, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.028
Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A., Aichouni, M. and Touahmia, M. (2018) The Lethal Water Tri-Therapy: Chlorine, Alum, and Polyelectrolyte. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180302.14
Boucherit, A., Moulay, S., Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Ghernaout, B., Naceur, M.W., Ait Messaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Mahjoubi, A.A. and Elboughdiri, N.A. (2015) New Trends in Disinfection By-Products Formation upon Water Treatment. Journal of Research & Developments in Chemistry, 2015, Article ID: 628833.
Oh, J., Medriano, C.A. and Kim, S. (2016) The Effect of Tetracycline in the Antibiotic Resistance Gene Transfer before and after Ozone Disinfection. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 646-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.986828
Zheng, J., Su, C., Zhou, J.W., Xu, K., Qian, Y.Y. and Chen, H. (2017) Effects and Mechanisms of Ultraviolet, Chlorination, and Ozone Disinfection on Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Secondary Effluents of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Chemical Engineering Journal, 317, 309-316.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.076
Guo, M.T., Yuan, Q.B. and Yang, J. (2015) Distinguishing Effects of Ultraviolet Exposure and Chlorination on the Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Municipal Wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology, 49, 5771-5778.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00644
Huang, X., Liu, C.X., Li, K., Su, J.Q., Zhu, G.F. and Liu, L. (2015) Performance of Vertical Up-Flow Constructed Wetlands on Swine Wastewater Containing Tetracyclines and Tet Genes. Water Research, 70, 109-117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.048
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Strategies for Reducing Disinfection By-Products Formation during Electrocoagulation. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6076. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106076
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Disinfection by-Products: Presence and Elimination in Drinking Water. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6140.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106140
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Controlling Disinfection By-Products Formation in Rainwater: Technologies and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6162. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106162
Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N., Ghareba, S. and Salih, A. (2020) Disinfecting Water with the Carbon Fiber-Based Flow-through Electrode System (FES): towards Axial Dispersion and Velocity Profile. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6238.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106238
Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. and Ghareba, S. (2020) Fenton Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Dares and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6045.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106045
Zhang, Y., Yao, Z., Geng, J., Ren, H., Xu, K. and Ding, L. (2016) Reduction of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Municipal Wastewater Effluent by Advanced Oxidation Processes. Science of the Total Environment, 50, 184-191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.078
Yoon, Y., Chung, H.J., Wen, D.D., Dodd, M.C., Hur, H.G. and Lee, Y. (2017) Inactivation Efficiency of Plasmid-Encoded Antibiotic Resistance Genes during Water Treatment with Chlorine, UV, and UV/H2O2. Water Research, 123, 783-793.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.056
Guo, C.S., Wang, K., Hou, S., Wan, L., Lv, J.P., Zhang, Y., Qu, X.D., Chen, S.Y. and Xu, J. (2017) H2O2 and/Or TiO2 Photocatalysis under UV Irradiation for the Removal of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Resistance Genes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 323, 710-718.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.041
Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N., Alghamdi, A. and Ghernaout, B. (2020) Trends in Decreasing Disinfection By-Products Formation during Electrochemical Technologies. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6337. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106337
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Solar Treatment in the Core of the New Disinfection Technologies. Chemical Science & Engineering Research, 2, 6-11.
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Disinfection By-Products Regulation: Zero ng/L Target. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6382.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106382
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) Control Strategies in Electrodisinfection. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6396.
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) On the Other Side of Viruses in the Background of Water Disinfection. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6374.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106374
Ghernaout, D., Badis, A., Ghernaout, B. and Kellil, A. (2008) Application of Electrocoagulation in Escherichia coli Culture and Two Surface Waters. Desalination, 219, 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.05.010
Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A. and Ghernaout, B. (2019) Microorganisms’ Killing: Chemical Disinfection vs. Electrodisinfection. Applied Engineering, 3, 13-19.
Ghernaout, D. (2019) Virus Removal by Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation: New Findings and Future Trends. Journal of Environmental Science and Allied Research, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.29199/2637-7063/ESAR-202024
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Disinfecting Water: Plasma Discharge for Removing Coronaviruses. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6314.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106314
Ghernaout, D., Benblidia, C. and Khemici, F. (2015) Microalgae Removal from Ghrib Dam (Ain Defla, Algeria) Water by Electroflotation Using Stainless Steel Electrodes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 54, 3328-3337.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.907749
Rahmani, A.R., Samarghandi, M.R., Nematollahi, D. and Zamani, F. (2019) A Comprehensive Study of Electrochemical Disinfection of Water Using Direct and Indirect Oxidation Processes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7, Article ID: 102785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.11.030
Ghernaout, D. (2020) Electric Field (EF) in the Core of the Electrochemical (EC) Disinfection. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6587.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106587
Di Cesare, A., De Carluccio, M., Eckert, E.M., Fontaneto, D., Fiorentino, A., Corno, G., Prete, P., Cucciniello, R., Proto, A. and Rizzo, L. (2020) Combination of Flow Cytometry and Molecular Analysis to Monitor the Effect of UVC/H2O2 Vs UVC/H2O2/Cu-IDS Processes on Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistant Genes in Secondary Wastewater Effluents. Water Research, 184, Article ID: 116194.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116194
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plant to Obtain Drinking Water. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5959.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105959
Guo, N., Wang, Y., Tong, T. and Wang, S. (2018) The Fate of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Potential Hosts during Bio-Electrochemical Treatment of High- Salinity Pharmaceutical Wastewater. Water Research, 133, 79-86.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.020
Yan, W., Xiao, Y., Yan, W., Ding, R., Wang, S. and Zhao, F. (2019) The Effect of Bioelectrochemical Systems on Antibiotics Removal and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 358, 1421-1437.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.128
Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B., Saiba, A., Boucherit, A. and, Kellil, A. (2009) Removal of Humic Acids by Continuous Electromagnetic Treatment Followed by Electrocoagulation in Batch Using Aluminium Electrodes. Desalination, 239, 295-308.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.04.001
Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B. and Boucherit, A. (2008) Effect of pH on Electrocoagulation of Bentonite Suspensions in Batch Using Iron Electrodes. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 29, 1272-1275.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01932690701857483
Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B. and Kellil, A. (2009) Natural Organic Matter Removal and Enhanced Coagulation as a Link between Coagulation and Electrocoagulation, Desalination and Water Treatment, 2, 203-222.
https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.116
Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B., Boucherit, A., Naceur, M.W., Khelifa, A. and Kellil, A. (2009) Study on Mechanism of Electrocoagulation with Iron Electrodes in Idealised Conditions and Electrocoagulation of Humic Acids Solution in Batch Using Aluminium Electrodes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 8, 91-99.
https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.668
Saiba, A., Kourdali, S., Ghernaout, B. and Ghernaout, D. (2010) In Desalination, from 1987 to 2009, the Birth of a New Seawater Pretreatment Process: Electrocoagulation—An Overview. Desalination and Water Treatment, 16, 201-217.
https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1094
Belhout, D., Ghernaout, D., Djezzar-Douakh, S. and Kellil, A. (2010) Electrocoagulation of a Raw Water of Ghrib Dam (Algeria) in Batch Using Iron Electrodes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 16, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1081
Ghernaout, D., Mariche, A., Ghernaout, B. and Kellil, A. (2010) Electromagnetic Treatment-Bi-Electrocoagulation of Humic Acid in Continuous Mode Using Response Surface Method for Its Optimization and Application on Two Surface Waters. Desalination and Water Treatment, 22, 311-329.
https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1120
Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2011) On the Controversial Effect of Sodium Sulphate as Supporting Electrolyte on Electrocoagulation Process: A Review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 27, 243-254. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.1983
Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B. and Naceur, M.W. (2011) Embodying the Chemical Water Treatment in the Green Chemistry—A Review. Desalination, 271, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.032
Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W. and Ghernaout, B. (2011) A Review of Electrocoagulation as a Promising Coagulation Process for Improved Organic and inorganic Matters Removal by Electrophoresis and Electroflotation. Desalination and Water Treatment, 28, 287-320. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.1493
Ghernaout, D., Irki, S. and Boucherit, A. (2014) Removal of Cu2 and Cd2 , and Humic Acid and Phenol by Electrocoagulation Using Iron Electrodes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52, 3256-3270.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.852484
Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Naceur, M.W., Ait Messaoudene, N. and Aichouni, M. (2014) Influence of Operating Parameters on Electrocoagulation of C.I. Disperse Yellow 3. Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 4, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2014.0065
Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Irki, S., Grini, A., Naceur, M.W., Ait Messaoudene, N. and Aichouni, M. (2014) Decolourization of Bromophenol Blue by Electrocoagulation Process. Trends in Chemical Engineering, 15, 29-39.
Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Ait Messaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Naceur, M.W., Benchelighem, F.Z. and Boucherit, A. (2015) Electrocoagulation of Direct Brown 2 (DB) and BF Cibacete Blue (CB) Using Aluminum Electrodes. Separation Science and Technology, 50, 1413-1420.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2014.982763
Irki, S., Ghernaout, D. and Naceur, M.W. (2017) Decolourization of Methyl Orange (MO) by Electrocoagulation (EC) Using Iron Electrodes under a Magnetic Field (MF). Desalination and Water Treatment, 79, 368-377.
https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20797
Ghernaout, D. (2018) Electrocoagulation Process: Achievements and Green Perspectives. Colloid and Surface Science, 3, 1-5.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.css.20180301.11
Ghernaout, D. (2008) élimination des substances humiques et des germes indicateurs de contamination bactériologique par électrocoagulation assistée d’un traitement magnétique de l’eau. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Blida, Algeria.
Irki, S., Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W., Alghamdi, A. and Aichouni, M. (2018) Decolorization of Methyl Orange (MO) by Electrocoagulation (EC) Using Iron Electrodes under a Magnetic Field (MF). II. Effect of Connection Mode. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 56-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180302.13
Irki, S., Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W., Alghamdi, A. and Aichouni, M. (2018) Decolorizing Methyl Orange by Fe-Electrocoagulation Process—A Mechanistic Insight. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 2, 18-28.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20180201.14
Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A. and Ghernaout, B. (2019) Electrocoagulation Process: A Mechanistic Review at the Dawn of Its Modeling. Journal of Environmental Science and Allied Research, 2, 51-67.
https://doi.org/10.29199/2637-7063/ESAR-201019
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) An Insight in Electrocoagulation Process through Current Density Distribution (CDD). Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6142.
Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. and Alghamdi, A. (2019) Direct Potable Reuse: the Singapore NEWater Project as a Role Model. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5980.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105980
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Water Reuse: Emerging Contaminants Elimination—Progress and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5981.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105981
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Electrochemical Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Dares and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6020.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106020
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) On the Treatment Trains for Municipal Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6088.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106088
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Domestic Wastewater Treatment: Difficulties and Reasons, and Prospective Solutions—China as an Example. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6141.
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Eliminating Cyanobacteria and Controlling Algal Organic Matter—Short Notes. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6252.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106252
Ma, X., Guo, N., Ren, S., Wang, S. and Wang, Y. (2019) Response of Antibiotic Resistance to the Co-Existence of Chloramphenicol and Copper during Bio-Electrochemical Treatment of Antibiotic-Containing Wastewater. Environment International, 126, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.002
Li, H., Zhang, Z., Duan, J., Li, N., Li, B., Song, T., Sardar, M.F., Lv, X. and Zhu, C. (2020) Electrochemical Disinfection of Secondary Effluent from a Wastewater Treatment Plant: Removal Efficiency of ARGs and Variation of Antibiotic Resistance in Surviving Bacteria. Chemical Engineering Journal, 392, Article ID: 123674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123674
Zhang, S., Yang, Y.-L., Lu, J., Zuo, X.-J., Yang, X.-L. and Song, H.-L. (2020) A Review of Bioelectrochemical Systems for Antibiotic Removal: Efficient Antibiotic Removal and Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance Genes. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 37, Article ID: 101421.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101421
Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2012) On the Concept of the Future Drinking Water Treatment Plant: Algae Harvesting from the Algal Biomass for Biodiesel Production—A Review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 49, 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.708191
Ghernaout, D. (2017) Water Reuse (WR): The Ultimate and Vital Solution for Water Supply Issues. International Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 3, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsdr.20170304.12
Ghernaout, D. (2018) Magnetic Field Generation in the Water Treatment Perspectives: An Overview. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5, 193-203. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.01.025
