The study investigated the protective and curative effects of unripe palm kernel seeds on monosodium glutamate-induced uterine fibroid in rats. The rats were in eight experimental groups according to the time of administration of the unripe palm kernel seeds: the first four groups investigated protective effects of UPK for 28 days and the last four groups investigated the curative effects of UPK after treatment with MSG for 28 days. MSG was administered to the animals by oral gavage at a dose of 200 mg/kg bd wt and UPK was administered as feed at a dose of 1.14 mg/g bd wt during the period of study. Histopathology studies of the uterus in addition to serum total protein, total cholesterol, estrogen and progesterone levels were determined. Significant increased estrogen and progesterone levels were observed in MSG-treated animals. UPK prevented and also led to the reversal of these biomarkers in this study. MSG also resulted in endometrial epithelium distortion and lamina propria fibrosis with UPK ameliorating the distortion observed in the uterus. These findings suggest that UPK contains bioactive constituents that are useful in preventing and reversing MSG-induced uterine hyperplasia.
Cite this paper
Agbadua, O. G. , Idusogie, L. E. , Chukwuebuka, A. S. , Nnamdi, C. S. and Sylvester, S. (2020). Evaluating the Protective and Ameliorative Potential of Unripe Palm Kernel Seeds on Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Uterine Fibroids. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6461. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106461.
Obahiagbon, F.I. (2012) A Review: Aspects of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and the Implications of Its Bioactivities in Human Health. American Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2, 106-119.
https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbmb.2012.106.119
Owoyele, B.V. and Owolabi, G.O. (2014) Traditional Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis jacq.) and Its Medicinal Uses: A Review. TANG (HUMANITAS MEDICINE), 4, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5667/tang.2014.0004
Dolmans, M., Donnez, J. and Fellah, L. (2019) Uterine Fibroid Management: Today and Tomorrow. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 45, 1222-1229.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14002
Eltoukhi, H.M., Modi, M.M., Weston, M., Armstrong, A.Y. and Stewart, E.A. (2014) The Health Disparities of Uterine Fibroids for African American Women: A Public Health Issue. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 210, 194-199.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.008
Borahay, M.A., Asoglu, M.R., Mas, A., Adam, S., Kilic, G.S. and Al-Hendy, A. (2017) Estrogen Receptors and Signaling in Fibroids: Role in Pathobiology and Therapeutic Implications. Reproductive Sciences, 24, 1235-1244.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719116678686
Cohen, D., Mazur, M.T., Jozefczyk, M.A. and Badway, A. (1994) Hyalinization and Cellular Changes in Uterine Leiomyomata after Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 39, 377-380.
Johnston, S.R. and Dowsett, M. (2003) Aromatase Inhibitors for Breast Cancer: Lessons from the Laboratory. Nature Reviews Cancer, 3, 821-831.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1211
Bera, T.K., Kar, S.K., Yadav, P.K., Mukherjee, P., Yadav, S. and Joshi, B. (2017) Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on Human Health: A Systematic Review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5, 139-144.
Eweka, A.O. and Adjene, J.O. (2007) Histological Studies of the Effects of Monosodium glutamate on the Medial Geniculate Body of Adult Wister Rat. The Electronic Journal of Biomedicine, 22, 9-13.
Obochi, G.O., Malu, S.P., Obi-Abang, M., Alozie, Y. and Iyam, M. (2009) Effect of Garlic Extracts on MSG Induced Fibroid in Wistar Rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8, 970-976. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.970.976
Koffuor, A.G., Annan, K., Kyekyeku, J.O., Fiadjoe, H.K. and Enyan, E. (2013) Effect of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Blighia unijugata (Sapindaceae) on Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Uterine Leiomyoma in Sprague Dawley Rats. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 3, 880-896. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2013/5402
Farris, M., Bastianelli, C., Rosato, E., Brosens, I. and Benagiano, G. (2019) Uterine Fibroids: An Update on Current and Emerging Medical Treatment Options. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 15, 157-178.
https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S147318
Sohn, G.S., Cho, S., Kim, Y.M., Cho, C.H., Kim, M.R. and Lee, S.R. (2018) Current Medical Treatment of Uterine Fibroids. Obstetrics & Gynecology Science, 61, 192-201. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2018.61.2.192
Olowofolahan, A.O., Aina, O.O., Hassan, E.T. and Olorunsogo, O.O. (2017) Ameliorative Potentials of Methanol Extract and Chloroform Fraction of Drymaria cordata on MSG-Induced Uterine Hyperplasia in Female Wistar Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 20, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2017/36335
Dou, M., Zhu, K., Fan, Z., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Zhou, X., Ding, X., Li, L., Gu, Z., Guo, M., Yan, M., Deng, X., Shen, P. and Wang, S. (2017) Reproductive Hormones and Their Receptors May Affect Lung Cancer. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 44, 1425-1434. https://doi.org/10.1159/000485538
Cermik, D., Arici, A. and Taylor, H.S. (2002) Coordinated Regulation of HOX Gene Expression in Myometrium and Uterine Leiomyoma. Fertility and Sterility, 78, 979-984. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03366-6
Oyebode, O.T., Obiekwe, M.E. and Olorunsogo, O.O. (2019) Protective Effects of Alpha Stone on Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Uterine Hyperplasia in Female Wistar Rats. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, in Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2019.05.001
Olanrewaju, A.J., Olatunji, S.Y., Owolabi, J.O., Oribamise, E.I., Omotuyi, O.I. and Desalu, A.B.O. (2017) Adeno-Hypophyseal Consequence of Uterine Fibroid and the Effects of Ginger Extract on the Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Tumor. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 24, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.9734/JAMMR/2017/35226
Zia, M.S., Qamar, K., Hanif, R. and Khalil, M. (2014) Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on the Serum Estrogen and Progesterone Levels in Female Rat and Prevention of This Effect with Diltiazem. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 26, 18-20.
Tousson, E., El-Atrash, A. and Karson, Y. (2019) Protective Role of Rocket Seed (Eruca sativa) Extract against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity in Male Rats. Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i3-430136
Payne, A.H. and Hales, D.B. (2004) Overview of Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Pathway from Cholesterol to Active Steroid Hormones. Endocrine Reviews, 25, 947-970. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2003-0030
Reis, F., Bloise, E. and Ortiga-Carvalho, T. (2015) Hormones and Pathogenesis of Uterine Fibroids. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 34, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.015
Kim, J.J. and Sefton, E.C. (2012) The Role of Progesterone Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Uterine Leiomyoma. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 358, 223-231.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.044
