全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

Party Politics in Kenya and South Africa: The Conundrum of Ethnic and Race Relations

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1106383, PP. 1-24

Subject Areas: Politics, International Relations, Journalism and Communication

Keywords: Ethnicity, Race, Political Parties, Kenya, South Africa

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

Since the colonial period, group identity has affected politics in Kenya and South Africa. Ethnicity and race are used to explain many issues in both countries including party politics. This article examines the linkages between ethnic and race relations in the activities of political parties in both countries. The article finds that ethnicity and race are endemic to the nature and operations of political parties in Kenya and South Africa. As a result, most political parties formulate policies and allocate public goods and national resources along ethnic and racial lines in a bid to satisfy their support bases so as to achieve and maintain political power.

Cite this paper

Ahere, J. R. (2020). Party Politics in Kenya and South Africa: The Conundrum of Ethnic and Race Relations. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6383. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106383.

References

[1]  Keller, E.J. (2014) Identity, Citizenship, and Political Conflict in Africa. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
[2]  Shilaho, W.K. (2018) Political Power and Tribalism in Kenya. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65295-5
[3]  Ajulu, R. (2002) Politicised Ethnicity, Competitive Politics and Conflict in Kenya: A Historical Perspective. African Studies, 61, 251-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/0002018022000032947
[4]  Chege, M. (1981) A Tale of Two Slums: Electoral Politics in Mathare and Dagoretti. Review of African Political Economy, 8, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056248108703457
[5]  Frueh, J. (2003) Political Identity and Social Change: The Remaking of the South African Social Order. State University of New York Press, Albany.
[6]  Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection (MISTRA) (2014) Nation Formation and Social Cohesion: An Enquiry into the Hopes and Aspirations of South Africans. Real African Publishers, Johannesburg.
[7]  Rohanlall, L. (2014) Party Ideology in South Africa. Master’s by Dissertation Thesis, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
[8]  Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (2017) All Members. https://www.parliament.gov.za/group-details
[9]  Gauja, A. (2016) Political Parties and Elections: Legislating for Representative Democracy. Routledge, Abingdon. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315601205
[10]  Christmann, A. (2009) The Qur’an, Morality and Critical Reason: The Essential Muhammad Shahrur. Brill, Leiden. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004171039.i-588
[11]  Fenton, S. (1999) Ethnicity: Racism, Class and Culture. Macmillan Press, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27560-1_3
[12]  Ritter, L.A. and Hoffman, N. (2010) Multicultural Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Boston.
[13]  Appiah, K.A. (1998) Race, Culture, Identity: Misunderstood Connections. In: Appiah, K.A. and Gutmann, A., Eds., Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 30-105. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400822096-002
[14]  Zaibert, L. and Milán-Zaibert, E. (2000) Universalism, Particularism and Group Rights: The Case of Hispanics. In: Gracia, J.J.E. and De Greiff, P., Eds., Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: Ethnicity, Race, and Rights, Routledge, New York, 167-179.
[15]  Gracia, J.J.E. (2007) Race or Ethnicity? An Introduction. In: Gracia, J.J.E., Ed., Race or Ethnicity: On Black and Latino Identity, Cornell University Press, London, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501727245-003
[16]  Constitution of Kenya (2010) National Council for Law Reporting, Nairobi.
[17]  Political Parties Act No. 11 2011, Kenya.
[18]  Cowen, M. and Kanyinga, K. (2002) The 1997 Elections in Kenya: The Politics of Communality and Locality. In: Cowen, M. and Laakso, L., Eds., Multi-Party Elections in Africa, James Currey Ltd., Oxford, 128-171.
[19]  Rawlence, B., Albin-Lackey, C. and Neistat, A. (2008) Ballots to Bullets: Organized Political Violence and Kenya’s Crisis of Governance. Human Rights Watch. http://bit.ly/2q67FjU
[20]  Christopher, A.J. (2002) “To Define the Indefinable”: Population Classification and the Census in South Africa. Area, 34, 401-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4762.00097
[21]  Population Registration Act No. 30 of 1950, South Africa.
[22]  Prohibition of Political Interference Act No. 51 of 1968, South Africa.
[23]  Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa 2006, South Africa: Party Registration. https://eisa.org.za/wep/souparties1.htm
[24]  Electoral Commission Act 51 of 1996, South Africa.
[25]  Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 1997, South Africa.
[26]  Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000, South Africa.
[27]  Alumona, I.M. and Azom, S.N. (2017) Politics of Identity and the Crisis of Nation-Building in Africa. In: Oloruntoba, S.O. and Falola, T., Eds., The Palgrave Handbook of African Politics, Governance and Development, Palgrave Macmillan US, New York, 291-306. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95232-8_17
[28]  Respondent Ten 2018, Interview with the Author on 5 February, Nairobi.
[29]  Mueller, S.D. (2008) The Political Economy of Kenya’s Crisis. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2, 185-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531050802058302
[30]  Respondent Nine 2018, Interview with the Author on 1 February, Nairobi.
[31]  Ahere, J.R. (2018) When a Compatriot Becomes a Foe: Political Parties and Violent Elections in Kenya and South Africa. Journal of African Elections, 17, 25-48. https://doi.org/10.20940/JAE/2018/v17i1a2
[32]  Respondent Eleven 2018, Interview with the Author on 6 February, Nairobi.
[33]  Respondent Twelve 2018, Interview with the Author on 17 February, Nairobi.
[34]  Respondent Three 2017, Interview with Author on 21 December, Durban.
[35]  Southern, N. (2011) Political Opposition and the Challenges of a Dominant Party System: The Democratic Alliance in South Africa. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 29, 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2011.581478
[36]  Respondent Seven 2017, Interview with Author on 16 November, Pietermaritzburg.
[37]  Frankental, S. and Sichone, O.B. (2005) South Africa’s Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara.
[38]  Piombo, J. (2009) Institutions, Ethnicity, and Political Mobilization in South Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230623828
[39]  Long, J.D. and Gibson, C.C. (2015) Evaluating the Roles of Ethnicity and Performance in African Elections. Political Research Quarterly, 68, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915608946
[40]  Nyambura, Z. (2017) In Kenya, Politics Split on Ethnic Divide. DW Akademie. https://www.dw.com/en/in-kenya-politics-split-on-ethnic-divide/a-37442394
[41]  Bratton, M. and Kimenyi, M.S. (2008) Voting in Kenya: Putting Ethnicity in Perspective. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2, 272-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531050802058401
[42]  Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission 2017, 2017 Poll Results. https://www.iebc.or.ke/uploads/resources/AolbKryRpH.pdf
[43]  Ferree, K.E. (2010) Framing the Race in South Africa: The Political Origins of Racial Census Elections. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511779350
[44]  Anyangwe, C. (2012) Race and Ethnicity: Voters’ Party Preference in South African Elections. International Journal of African Renaissance Studies Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity, 7, 38-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2013.774697
[45]  Nhlapo, M.S., Anderson, B.A. and Wentzel, M. (2017) Trends in Voting in South Africa 2003-2014. University of Michigan Population Studies Center, Ann Arbor. https://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr17-881.pdf
[46]  Electoral Commission of South Africa 2016, Municipal Election Results. http://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/Municipal-elections-results
[47]  Roodt, M. (2016) South Africa’s Local Elections: Reasons for Each Party to Be Happy and Sad. African Arguments. http://africanarguments.org/2016/08/08/south-africas-local-elections-reasons-for-each-party-to-be-happy-and-sad
[48]  Brock, J. (2016) ANC Shaken to Core as South African Voters Look beyond Race. Thomson Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-election-race-analysis/anc-shaken-to-core-as-south-african-voters-look-beyond-race-idUSKCN10G1BJ
[49]  Frith, A. (2017) Census 2011—Province “KwaZulu-Natal”. https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/5
[50]  Mkhize, N. (2016) The Indian Vote Is the Prize Political Parties Are Chasing in KwaZulu-Natal. Business Day. https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2016-07-03-the-indian-vote-is-the-prize-political-parties-are-chasing-in-kwazulu-natal
[51]  Banseka, C. (2005) Development for Peace: In Search for Solutions to Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. Universal Publishers, Boca Raton.
[52]  Makulilo, A.B., Ntaganda, E., Aywa, F.A., Sekaggya, M. and Osodo, P. (2016) Election Management Bodies in East Africa: A Comparative Study of Electoral Commissions to the Strengthening of Democracy. African Minds, New York.
[53]  Gecaga, M.G. (2007) Religious Movements and Democratisation in Kenya: Between the Sacred and the Profane. In: Murunga, G.R. and Nasong’o, S.W., Eds., Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, Zed Books Ltd., London, 58-89.
[54]  Wanga, J. (2017) Nasa, Jubilee Party Campaigns to Go at Full Throttle. Daily Nation. http://bit.ly/2V5P3Cg
[55]  Graham, L., Stuart, L., Zulu, T. and Mthembu, S. (2017) Young South Africans Aren’t Apathetic, Just Fed Up with Formal Politics. The Conversation. http://bit.ly/2QAU6F2
[56]  Mail and Guardian (2013) Sample Survey of Young Blacks Believe DA Would Bring Back Apartheid. Mail and Guardian. https://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-23-study-shows-most-surveyed-young-blacks-believe-da-would-bring-back-apartheid
[57]  Johnson, R.W. (2015) How Long will South Africa Survive? The Looming Crisis, C. Hurst, London.
[58]  Respondent One 2017 Interview with the Author on 27 November, Durban.
[59]  Corcoran, B. (2017) Anger over Helen Zille’s “Colonialism” Tweets. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/anger-over-helen-zille-s-colonialism-tweets-1.3112699
[60]  Macdonald, G. (2015) Racial Politics and Campaign Strategy in South Africa’s 2009 Election. Politikon, 42, 155-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2015.1005792
[61]  Martens, T. (2012) Opposition Indulging in Gutter Politics—ANCWL. Politicsweb. https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/opposition-indulging-in-gutter-politics--ancwl
[62]  Ngalo, A., Dyantyi, H., Payne, S. and Merwe, M.V.D. (2018) Analysis: How Will the DA Shine Its Crown Without a “Dirty” ANC? Daily Maverick. http://bit.ly/2V7sn4T
[63]  Beresford, A. (2014) South Africa Gears Up for a Bruising Election Campaign. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/south-africa-gears-up-for-a-bruising-election-campaign-22615
[64]  Mamdani, M. (2019) Why South Africa Can't Avoid Land Reforms. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/17/opinion/south-africa-land-reform.html
[65]  Mutua, M. (2017) This Never Ending Political Circus Is All about Inclusion. Standard Digital. http://bit.ly/2V4aO5L
[66]  Mérino, M. (2013) Les élections générales du 4 mars 2013 au Kenya. Afrique Contemporaine, 3, 73-86. https://doi.org/10.3917/afco.247.0073
[67]  Shilaho, W.K. (2016) Ethnic Mobilisation and Kenya’s Foreign Policy in the Face of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Journal for Contemporary History, 41, 103-125. https://doi.org/10.18820/24150509/jch.v41i1.6
[68]  Wa-Mungai, M. (2007) “‘Is Marwa!’ It’s Ours”: Popular Music and Identity Politics in Kenyan Youth Culture. In: Njogu, K. and Oluoch-Olunya, G., Eds., Cultural Production and Change in Kenya: Building Bridges, Twaweza Communications, Nairobi, 47-62.
[69]  Barasa, L., Ahmed, M., Fredrick, F. and Apollo, S. (2017) Uhuru Warns against Secession Campaign as Nasa Vows Defiance. Daily Nation. https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/secession-talk-Uhuru-Kenyatta-warning/1064-4229276-p8uhsk/index.html
[70]  Gitonga, W. (2017) Jubilee Supporters Hold Anti-Supreme Court Demos. Citizen Digital. https://citizentv.co.ke/news/jubilee-supporters-hold-anti-supreme-court-demos-175776
[71]  Kenny, C. and Ahere, J. (2017) Elections Are Only Part of the Story in Kenya’s History of Post-Poll Violence. http://bit.ly/2vJqZ9J
[72]  Maichuhie, K. (2018) Authorities on the Spot Following near Eight-Hour Disruption of Transport along Nairobi-Nakuru Highway. Standard Digital. http://bit.ly/2UXRXcr
[73]  Crouse, G. (2018) The NA’s Resolution on EWC: A Clause-by-Clause Analysis. Politicsweb. http://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/the-nas-resolution-on-ewc-a-clausebyclause-analysi
[74]  Lange, J.D. (2017) Who Owns SA’s Land? News24. http://bit.ly/2vls0oo
[75]  African National Congress (2017) 54th National Conference: Report and Resolutions. ANC. https://bit.ly/2zCaq4o
[76]  Gerber, J. (2018) Land Expropriation without Compensation: What You Need to Know. News24. https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/land-expropriation-without-compensation-what-you-need-to-know-20180228
[77]  Masilela, B. (2018) DA Resolute against Land Expropriation without Compensation. The Citizen. https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1884367/da-resolute-against-land-expropriation-without-compensation
[78]  Wrong, M. (2009) It’s Our Turn to Eat: The Story of a Kenyan Whistle-Blower. HarperCollins, Pymble.

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413