Fenton reaction remains an efficient technique for decomposing recalcitrant organic contaminants. Nevertheless, traditional Fenton response has many lim-itations like the necessity of acidic pH circumstance, the formation of iron sludge and the need for elevated chemical introductions. Procedures like het-erogeneous Fenton, fluidized-bed Fenton, employment of chelating products and in situ formations of Fenton’s reagent have been examined as likely solu-tions to such drawbacks. Bello et al. [1] presented an excellent discussion of the restrictions of Fenton reaction and the fresh manners for dealing with them and this work focuses on its main findings. The heterogeneous Fenton method stays the most largely examined thanks to the expansion achieved in catalysis. The fluidized-bed Fenton method has the capacity to diminish sludge formation and ameliorate technology efficiency. Chelating chemicals are employed to performing homogeneous Fenton at circumneutral pH, even if the potentially decisive impact of many chelating products remains a source of worry. In situ formation of Fenton’s reagent via bio-electrochemical technique (bio-electro-Fenton) seems to be a likely manner to diminish the price related to Fenton’s reagent. Despite the progress registered in the Fenton technologies, the classical process, and its ameliorated versions, membranes processes remain fundamental for secure wastewater treatment. As sure barriers towards pollution dispersal, processes such as nanofiltration should be coupled to Fen-ton techniques.
Cite this paper
Ghernaout, D. , Elboughdiri, N. and Ghareba, S. (2020). Fenton Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Dares and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6045. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106045.
Bello, M.M., Abdul Raman, A.A. and Asghar, A. (2019) A Review on Approaches for Addressing the Limitations of Fentonoxidation for Recalcitrant Wastewater Treatment. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 126, 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.03.028
Ghernaout, D. (2017) Environmental Principles in the Holy Koran and the Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 6, 75-79. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20170603.13
Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W. and Ghernaout, B. (2011) A Review of Elec-trocoagulation as a Promising Coagulation Process for Improved Organic and Inorganic Matters Removal by Electrophoresis and Electroflotation. Desalination and Water Treatment, 28, 287-320. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.1493
Ghernaout, D. (2014) The Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Ratio vs. Dissolved Organics Removal by Coagulation—A Review. Journal of King Saud Universi-ty—Science, 26, 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.09.005
Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B. and Kellil, A. (2009) Natural Organic Matter Removal and Enhanced Coagulation as a Link between Coagulation and Electrocoagulation. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2, 203-222. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.116
Casas, E.M. and Bester, K. (2015) Can those Organic Micro-Pollutants That Are Recalcitrant in Activated Sludge Treatment Be Removed from Wastewater by Biofilm Reactors (Slow Sand Filters)? Science of the Total Environment, 506-507, 315-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.113
Mailler, R., Gasperi, J., Coquet, Y., Bulete, A., Vulliet, E., Deshayes, S., Zedek, S., Mirande-Bret, C., Eudes, V., Bressy, A., Caupos, E., Moilleron, R., Chebbo, G. and Rocher, V. (2015) Removal of a Wide Range of Emerging Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharges by Micro-Grain Activated Carbon in Fluidized Bed as Tertiary Treatment at Large Pilot Scale. Science of the Total Environment, 542, 983-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.153
Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. and Alghamdi, A. (2019) Direct Potable Reuse: The Singapore NEWater Project as a Role Model. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5980. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105980
Ghernaout, D. (2017) Water Reuse (WR): The Ultimate and Vital Solution for Water Supply Issues. International Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 3, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsdr.20170304.12
Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. and Ghareba, S. (2019) Drinking Water Reuse: One-Step Closer to Overpassing the “Yuck Factor”. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5895. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105895
Ghernaout, D. (2018) Increasing Trends towards Drinking Water Reclamation from Treated Wastewater. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.11
Perdigo, A., Petre, A., Rosal, R., Rodr?, A., Agu, A. and Ferna, A.R. (2010) Occurrence of Emerging Pollutants in Urban Wastewater and Their Removal through Biological Treatment Followed by Ozonation. Water Research, 44, 578-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.004
Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plant to Obtain Drinking Water. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5959. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105959
Alalm, M.G., Tawfik, A. and Ookawara, S. (2015) Comparison of Solar TiO2 Photocatalysisand Solar Photo-Fenton for Treatment of Pesticides Industry Wastewater: Operational Conditions, Kinetics, and Costs. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 8, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2015.09.007
Ghernaout, D. (2019) Greening Cold Fusion as an Energy Source for Water Treatment Distillation—A Perspective. American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy, 3, 1-5.
Ahmadi, M., Ramavandi, B. and Sahebi, S. (2019) Efficient Degradation of a Biorecalcitrant Pollutant from Wastewater Using a Fluidized Catalyst-Bed Reactor. Chemical Engineering Communications, 202, 1118-1129. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2014.907567
Bilinska, L., Gmurek, M. and Ledakowicz, S. (2016) Comparison be-tween Industrial and Simulated Textile Wastewater Treatment by AOPs—Biodegradability, Toxicity and Cost Assessment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 306, 550-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.100
Kellali, Y. and Ghernaout, D. (2019) Physicochemical and Algal Study of Three Dams (Algeria) and Removal of Microalgae by Enhanced Coagulation. Applied Engineering, 3, 56-64.
Ghernaout, D. (2013) Advanced Oxidation Phenomena in Electrocoagulation Process: A Myth or a Reality? Desalination and Water Treatment, 51, 7536-7554. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.792520
Ghernaout, D. (2019) Virus Removal by Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation: New Findings and Future Trends. Journal of Environmental Science and Allied Research, 2019, 85-90.
Ghernaout, D. (2019) Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation for Disinfecting Water: New Break-throughs and Implied Mechanisms. Applied Engineering, 3, 125- 133.
Neyens, E. and Baeyens, J. (2003) A Review of Classic Fenton’s Peroxidation as an Advanced Oxidation Technique. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 98, 33-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00282-0
Tisa, F., Aziz, A.R.A. and Mohd, W.W.A. (2014) Basic Design of a Fluidized Bed Reactor for Wastewater Treatment Using Fenton Oxidation. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 5, 93-98. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJIMT.2014.V5.493
Chong, M.N., Jin, B., Chow, C.W.K. and Saint, C. (2014) Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology: A Review. Water Research, 44, 2997- 3027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039
G?gol, M., Przyjazny, A. and Boczkaj, G. (2018) Wastewater Treatment by Means of Advanced Oxidation Processes Based on Cavitation—A Review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 338, 599-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.01.049
Moreira, F.C., Boaventura, R.A.R., Brillas, E. and Vilar, V.J.P. (2017) Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review on Their Application to Synthetic and Real Wastewaters. Applied Catalysis B: Envi-ronmental, 202, 217-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.037
Irki, S., Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W., Alghamdi, A. and Aichouni, M. (2018) Decolorizing Methyl Orange by Fe-Electrocoagulation Process—A Mechanistic Insight. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 2, 18-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20180201.14
Munoz, M., de Pedro, Z.M., Casas, J.A. and Rodriguez, J.J. (2019) Preparation of Magnetite-Based Catalysts and Their Application in Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidation—A Review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 176-177, 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.04.003
Huang, C.P., Dong, C. and Tang, Z. (1993) Advanced Chemical Oxidation: Its Present Role and Potential Future in Hazardous Waste Treatment. Waste Management, 13, 361-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(93)90070-D
Ghernaout, D. and Naceur, M.W. (2011) Ferrate(VI): In Situ Generation and Water Treatment—A Review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 30, 319-332. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2217
Nidheesh, P.V. and Rajan, R. (2016) Removal of Rhodamine B from a Water Medium Using Hydroxyl and Sulphate Radicals Generated by Iron Loaded Activated Carbon. RSC Advances, 6, 5330-5340. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA19987E
Xavier, S., Gandhimathi, R., Nidheesh, P.V. and Ramesh, S.T. (2015) Comparison of Ho-mogeneous and Heterogeneous Fenton Processes for the Removal of Reactive Dye Magenta MB from Aqueous Solution. Desalination and Water Treatment, 53, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.844083
Alalm, M.G., Tawfik, A. and Ookawara, S. (2015) Degradation of Four Pharmaceuticals by Solar Photo-Fenton Process: Kinetics and Costs Estimation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.12.009
Mackul’ak, T., Mosny, M., Grabic, R., Golovko, O., Koba, O. and Biro?ová, L. (2015) Fenton-Like Reaction: A Possible Way to Efficiently Remove Illicit Drugs and Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 39, 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.12.016
Aytar, P., Gedikli, S., Sam, M., Farizo?lu, B. and ?abuk, A. (2015) Sequential Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater with Adsorption and Biological and Photo-Fenton Oxidation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 3060-3067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1212-6
Justino, C., Marques, A.G., Duarte, K.R., Duarte, A.C., Pereira, R., Rocha-Santos, T. and Freitas, A.C. (2010) Degradation of Phenols in Olive Oil Mill Wastewater by Biological, Enzymatic, and Photo-Fenton Oxidation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 17, 650-656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0256-8
Laiju, A.R., Sivasankar, T. and Nidheesh, P.V. (2014) Iron-Loaded Mangosteen as a Heterogeneous Fenton Catalyst for the Treatment of Landfill Leachate. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 10900-10907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2883-y
Navarro, S., Fenoll, J., Vela, N., Ruiz, E. and Navarro, G. (2011) Removal of Ten Pesticides from Leaching Water at Pilot Plant Scale by Photo-Fenton Treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 167, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.105
Saini, R., Raghunath, C.V., Pandey, P. and Kumar, P. (2016) Optimization of Fenton Oxidation for the Removal of Methyl Parathion in Aqueous Solution. Perspectives in Science, 1980, 670-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.06.054
Tony, M.A., Zhao, Y.Q. and Tayeb, A.M. (2009) Exploitation of Fenton and Fen-ton-Like Reagents as Alternative Conditioners for Alum Sludge Conditioning. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21, 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60018-8
Yu, W., Yang, J., Shi, Y., Song, J., Shi, Y., Xiao, J., Li, C., Xu, X., He, S., Liang, S., Wu, X. and Hu, J. (2016) Roles of Iron Species and pH Optimization on Sewage Sludge Conditioning with Fenton’s Reagent and Lime. Water Research, 95, 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.016
Ghernaout, D. (2017) The Holy Koran Revelation: Iron Is a “Sent Down” Metal. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 6, 101-104. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20170604.14
Ghernaout, D., Moulay, S., AitMessaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Naceur, M.W. and Boucherit, A. (2014) Coagulation and Chlorination of NOM and Algae in Water Treatment: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2, 23-34. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2014020601.14
Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Boucherit, A., Ghernaout, B., Naceur, M.W., AitMessaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Mahjoubi, A.A. and Elboughdiri, N.A. (2015) Brownian Motion and Coagulation Process. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeps.s.2015040501.11
Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Naceur, M.W., Boucherit, A., Messaoudene, N.A., Aichouni, M., Mahjoubi, A.A. and Elboughdiri, N.A. (2015) Controlling Coagulation Process: From Zeta Potential to Streaming Potential. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 16-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeps.s.2015040501.12
Ghernaout, D. and Boucherit, A. (2015) Review of Coagulation’s Rapid Mixing for NOM Removal. Journal of Research & Developments in Chemistry, 2015, Article ID: 926518. https://doi.org/10.5171/2015.926518
Muangthai, I., Ratanatamsakul, C. and Lu, M. (2010) Removal of 2,4-Dichloro- phenol by Fluidized-Bed Fenton Process. Sustainable Environment Research, 20, 325-331.
Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2012) Sweep Flocculation as a Second Form of Charge Neutralisation—A Review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 44, 15-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.691699
Pouran, S.R., Abdul Aziz, A.R. and Wan Daud, W.M.A. (2015) Review on the Main Advances in Photo-Fenton Oxidation System for Recalcitrant Wastewaters. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 21, 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.05.005
Villegas-Guzman, P., Giannakis, S., Rtimi, S., Grandjean, D., Bensimon, M., de Alencastro, L.F., Torres-Palma, R. and Pulgarin, C. (2017) A Green Solar Photo- Fenton Process for the Elimination of Bacteria and Micropollutants in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Using Mineral Iron and Natural Organic Acids. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 219, 538-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.07.066
Villegas-Guzman, P., Giannakis, S., Torres-Palma, R.A. and Pulgarin, C. (2017) Remarkable Enhancement of Bacterial Inactivation in Wastewater through Promotion of Solar Photo-Fenton at Near-Neutral pH by Natural Organic Acids. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 205, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.021
Clarizia, L., Russo, D., Di Somma, I., Marotta, R. and Andreozzi, R. (2017) Homogeneous Photo-Fenton Processes at Near Neutral pH: A Review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 209, 358-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.011
Pliego, G., Zazo, J.A., Garcia-Mu?oz, P., Munoz, M., Casas, J.A. and Rodriguez, J.J. (2015) Trends in the Intensification of the Fenton Process for Wastewater Treatment—An Overview. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 2611-2692. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2015.1025646
Tuesta, J.L.D., De García-Figueruelo, C., Quintanilla, A., Casas, J.A. and Rodriguez, J.J. (2015) Application of High-Temperature Fenton Oxidation for the Treatment of Sulfonation Plant Wastewater. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 90, 1839-1846. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4494
Park, J., Wang, J.J., Xiao, R., Tafti, N., Delaune, R.D. and Seo, D. (2018) Degradation of Orange G by Fenton-Like Reaction with Fe-Impregnated Biochar Catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 249, 368-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.030
Qin, J., Lin, C., Almebayedh, H. and Albader, M. (2019) Decomposition of Long- Chain Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Fenton-Like Processes: Effects of Ferrous Iron Source, Salinity and Temperature. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 169, 764-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.086
Zazo, J.A., Pliego, G., Blasco, S., Casas, J.A. and Rodriguez, J.J. (2011) Intensification of the Fenton Process by Increasing the Temperature. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50, 866-870. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie101963k
Manenti, D.R., Soares, P.A., Silva, T.F.C.V., Módenes, A.N., Espinoza-Qui?ones, F.R., Bergamasco, R., Boaventura, R.A.R. and Vilar, V.J.P. (2015) Performance Evaluation of Different Solar Advanced Oxidation Processes Applied to the Treatment of a Real Textile Dyeing Wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 833-845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2767-1
Guo, S., Yuan, N., Zhang, G. and Yu, J.C. (2017) Graphene Modified Iron Sludge Derived from Homogeneous Fenton Process as an Efficient Heterogeneous Fenton Catalyst for Degradation of Organic Pollutants. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 238, 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.02.033
Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Fang, S., Chong, S. and Zhu, J. (2016) Degradation of Aniline by Heterogeneous Fenton’s Reaction Using a Ni-Fe Oxalate Complex Catalyst. Journal of Envi-ronmental Management, 182, 367-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.084
Bello, M.M., Abdul Raman, A.A. and Purushothaman, M. (2017) Applications of Fluidized Bed Reactor in Wastewater Treatment—A Review of the Major Design and Operational Parameters. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, 1492-1514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.148
Davarnejad, R. and Azizi, J. (2016) Alcoholic Wastewater Treatment Using Electro-Fenton Technique Modified by Fe2O3 Nanoparticles. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4, 2342-2349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.04.009
Oturan, M.A. and Aaron, J.J. (2014) Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water/ Wastewater Treatment: Principles and Applications: A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 2577-2641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829765
Pignatello, J.J., Oliveros, E. and MacKay, A. (2006) Advanced Oxidation Processes for Organic Contaminant Destruction Based on the Fenton Reaction and Related Chemistry. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 1-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380500326564
Valero, P., Verbel, M., Silva-Agredo, J., Mosteo, R., Ormad, M.P. and Torres-Palma, R.A. (2017) Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes for Staphylococcus aureus Disinfection in Municipal WWTP Effluents. Journal of Environmental Management, 198, 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.070
Wang, N., Zheng, T., Zhang, G. and Wang, P. (2016) A Review on Fenton-Like Processes for Organic Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4, 762-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.12.016
Brillas, E., Sirés, I. and Oturan, M.A. (2009) Electro-Fenton Process and Related Electro-Chemical Technologies Based on Fenton’s Reaction Chemistry. Chemical Reviews, 109, 6570-6631. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900136g
Poza-Nogueiras, V., Rosales, E., Pazos, M. and Sanroman, M.A. (2018) Current Advances and Trends in Electro-Fenton Process Using Heterogeneous Catalysts—A Review. Chemosphere, 201, 399-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.002
Ganiyu, S.O., Zhou, M. and Martínez-Huitle, C.A. (2018) Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Processes: A Critical Review of Fundamental Principles and Application for Water/Wastewater Treatment. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 235, 103-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.044
Li, A.L., Hu, H., Teng, X., Yu, Y., Zhu, Y. and Su, X. (2018) Electrogeneration of H2O2 Using a Porous Hydrophobic Acetylene Black Cathode for Electro-Fenton Process. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 133, 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2018.09.013
Li, B.X., Chen, S., Angelidaki, I. and Zhang, Y. (2018) Bio-Electro-Fenton Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Advances and Prospects. Chemical Engineering Journal, 354, 492-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.052
Usman, M., Hanna, K. and Haderlein, S. (2016) Fenton Oxidation to Remediate PAHs in Contaminated Soils: A Critical Review of Major Limitations and Counter-Strategies. Science of the Total Environment, 569-570, 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.135
Barros, W.R.P., Steter, J.R., Lanza, M.R.V. and Tavares, A.C. (2016) Catalytic Activity of Fe3?xCuxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Amaranth Food Dye by Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 180, 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.06.048
Martínez-Huitle, C.A. and Brillas, E. (2016) Decontamination of Wastewaters Con-taining Synthetic Organic Dyes by Electrochemical Methods: A General Review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 87, 105-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.09.017
Shemer, H., Kunukcu, Y.K. and Linden, K.G. (2006) Degradation of the Pharmaceutical Metronidazole via UV, Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes. Chemosphere, 63, 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.029
Acisli, O., Khataee, A., Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, R. and Karaca, S. (2017) Ultrasound-Assisted Fenton Process Using Siderite Nanoparticles Prepared via Planetary Ball Milling for Removal of Reactive Yellow 81 in Aqueous Phase. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 35, 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.09.020
Kim, S.-M. and Vogelpohl, A. (1998) Degradation of Organic Pollutants by the Photo-Fenton-Process. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 21, 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4125(199802)21:2<187::AID-CEAT187>3.0.CO;2-H
Chen, C.-Y., Wu, P.-S. and Chung, Y.-C. (2009) Coupled Biological and Photo-Fenton Pre-Treatment System for the Removal of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) from Water. Bioresource Technology, 100, 4531-4534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.020
Ma, J., Yang, Q., Wen, Y. and Liu, W. (2017) Fe-g-C3N4/Graphitized Mesoporous Carbon Composite as an Effective Fenton-Like Catalyst in a Wide pH Range. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 201, 232-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.048
Garcia-Segura, S., Bellotindos, L.M., Huang, Y.-H., Brillas, E. and Lu, M.-C. (2016) Fluidized-Bed Fenton Process as Alternative Wastewater Treatment Technology—A Review. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 67, 211-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.07.021
Asghar, A., Raman, A.A.A. and Daud, W.M.A.W. (2015) Advanced Oxidation Processes for In-Situ Production of Hydrogen Peroxide/Hydroxyl Radical for Textile Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 87, 826-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.010
Chen, T.-C., Matira, E.M., Lu, M.-C. and Dalida, M.L.P. (2016) Degradation of Dimethylsulfoxide through Fluidized-Bed Fenton Process. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 300, 218-226.
Chou, S. and Huang, C. (1999) Application of a Supported Iron Oxyhydroxide Catalyst in Oxidation of Benzoic Acid by Hydrogen Peroxide. Chemosphere, 38, 2719- 2731. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00474-3
Huang, C.P. and Huang, Y.H. (2009) Application of an Active Immobilized Iron Oxide with Catalytic H2O2 for the Mineralization of Phenol in a Batch Photo-Flui- dized Bed Reactor. Applied Catalysis A: General, 357, 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2008.12.043
Huang, Y.F. and Huang, Y.H. (2009) Behavioral Evidence of the Dominant Radicals and Intermediates Involved in Bisphenol A Degradation Using an Efficient Co2 / PMS Oxidation Process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167, 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.138
Anotai, J., Sakulkittimasak, P., Boonrattanakij, N. and Lu, M. (2009) Kinetics of Nitrobenzene Oxidation and Iron Crystallization in Fluidized-Bed Fenton Process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165, 874-880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.062
Aghdasinia, H., Bagheri, R., Vahid, B. and Khataee, A. (2016) Central Composite Design Optimization of Pilot Plant Fluidized-Bed Heterogeneous Fenton Process for Degradation of an Azo Dye. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 37, 2703-2712. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1159734
Mita, L., Grumiro, L., Rossi, S., Bianco, C., Defez, R., Gallo, P., Mita, D.G. and Diano, N. (2015) Bisphenol A Removal by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Immobilized on Granular Activated Carbon and Operating in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 291, 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.072
Cheng, H., Chou, S., Chen, S. and Yu, C. (2014) Photoassisted Fenton Degradation of Phthalocyanine Dyes from Wastewater of Printing Industry Using Fe(II)/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst in Up-Flow Fluidized-Bed. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 26, 1307- 1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60604-X
Huang, C.P. and Chu, C. (2012) Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation of Chlorophenols in Dilute Aqueous Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation of Chlorophenols in Dilute aqueous Solutions. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 138, 375-385. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000518
Logan, B.E., Murano, C., Scott, K., Gray, N.D. and Head, I.M. (2005) Electricity Generation from Cysteine in a Microbial Fuel Cell. Water Research, 39, 942-952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.11.019
Wang, H. and Ren, Z.J. (2013) A Comprehensive Review of Microbial Electrochemical Systems as a Platform Technology. Biotechnology Advances, 31, 1796-1807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.10.001
Mai, H. and Li, X. (2013) Bio-Electro-Fenton Process Driven by Microbial Fuel Cell for Wastewater Treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 1875-1880. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9032925
Zhu, X. and Ni, J. (2009) Simultaneous Processes of Electricity Generation and p-Nitrophenol Degradation in a Microbial Fuel Cell. Electrochemistry Communications, 11, 274-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.11.023
Feng, C., Li, F., Liu, H., Lang, X. and Fan, S. (2010) A Dual-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell with Conductive Film-Modified Anode and Cathode and Its Application for the Neutral Electro-Fenton Process. Electrochimica Acta, 55, 2048-2054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.11.033
Zhu, X. and Logan, B.E. (2013) Using Single-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells as Renewable Power Sources of Electro-Fenton Reactors for Organic Pollutant Treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 252-253, 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.051
Zhang, L., Yin, X., Fong, S. and Li, Y. (2015) Bio-Electrochemical Degradation of Paracetamol in a Microbial Fuel Cell-Fenton System. Chemical Engineering Journal, 276, 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.04.065
Asghar, A., Raman, A.A.A. and Daud, W.M.A.W. (2017) In Situ Production of Hy-drogen Peroxide in a Microbial Fuel Cell for Recalcitrant Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 92, 1825-1840. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5192
Perazzolo, V., Durante, C., Pilot, R., Paduano, A., Zheng, J., Rizzi, G.A., Martucci, A., Granozzi, G. and Gennaro, A. (2015) Nitrogen and Sulfur Doped Mesoporous Carbon as Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for the in Situ Production of Hydrogen Peroxide. Carbon, 95, 949-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.09.002
Asghar, A., Raman, A.A.A., Daud, W.M.A.W., Ahmad, M. and Zain, S.U.B.M. (2017) Effect of Nitrogen Doping on Graphite Cathode for Hydrogen Peroxide Production and Power Generation in MFC. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 76, 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.04.016
Fellinger, T.P., Hasché, F., Strasser, P. and Antonietti, M. (2012) Mesoporous Nitro-gen-Doped Carbon for the Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134, 4072-4075. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja300038p
Wang, D., Hou, H., Hu, J., Xu, J., Huang, L., Hu, S., Liang, S., Xiao, K., Liu, B. and Yang, J. (2019) A Bio-Electro-Fenton System with a Facile Anti-Biofouling Air Cathode for Efficient Degradation of Landfill Leachate. Chemosphere, 215, 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.018
Ghernaout, D., Alshammari, Y., Alghamdi, A., Aichouni, M., Touahmia, M. and AitMessaoudene, N. (2018) Water Reuse: Extenuating Membrane Fouling in Membrane Processes. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 2, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20180602.12
AitMessaoudene, N., Naceur, M.W., Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A. and Aichouni, M. (2018) On the Validation Perspectives of the Proposed Novel Dimensionless Fouling Index. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5, 116-122. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.07.014
Ren, G., Zhou, M., Su, P., Yang, W., Lu, X. and Zhang, Y. (2018) Simultaneous Sulfadiazines Degradation and Disinfection from Municipal Secondary Effluent by a Flow-Through Electro-Fenton Process with Graphene Modified Cathode. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 368, 830-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.109
Ghernaout, D., Aichouni, M. and Touahmia, M. (2019) Mechanistic Insight into Disinfection by Electrocoagulation—A Review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 141, 68-81. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23457
Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A., Aichouni, M. and Touahmia, M. (2018) The Lethal Water Tri-Therapy: Chlorine, Alum, and Polyelectrolyte. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180302.14
Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W. and Aouabed, A. (2011) On the Dependence of Chlorine By-Products Generated Species Formation of the Electrode Material and Applied Charge during Electrochemical Water Treatment. Desalination, 270, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.010
Boucherit, A., Moulay, S., Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Ghernaout, B., Naceur, M.W., AitMessaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Mahjoubi, A.A. and Elboughdiri, N.A. (2015) New Trends in Disinfection By-Products Formation upon Water Treatment. Journal of Research & Developments in Chemistry, 2015, Article ID: 628833. https://doi.org/10.5171/2015.628833
Ghernaout, D. (2018) Disinfection and DBPs Removal in Drinking Water Treatment: A Perspective for a Green Technology. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5, 108-117. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.02.018
Zhou, S., Huang, S., Li, X., Angelidaki, I. and Zhang, Y. (2018) Microbial Electrolytic Disinfection Process for Highly Efficient Escherichia coli Inactivation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 342, 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.02.090
Ghernaout, D., Badis, A., Ghernaout, B. and Kellil, A. (2008) Application of Electrocoagulation in Escherichia coli Culture and Two Surface Waters. Desalination, 219, 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.05.010
Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A. and Ghernaout, B. (2019) Microorganisms’ Killing: Chemical Disinfection vs. Electrodisinfection. Applied Engineering, 3, 13-19.
Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2010) From Chemical Disinfection to Electrodisinfection: The Obligatory Itinerary? Desalination and Water Treatment, 16, 156-175. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1085
Belhout, D., Ghernaout, D., Djezzar-Douakh, S. and Kellil, A. (2010) Electrocoagulation of a Raw Water of Ghrib Dam (Algeria) in Batch Using Iron Electrodes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 16, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1081
Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B. and Naceur, M.W. (2011) Embodying the Chemical Water Treatment in the Green Chemistry—A Review. Desalination, 271, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.032
Ghernaout, D., Benblidia, C. and Khemici, F. (2015) Microalgae Removal from Ghrib Dam (AinDefla, Algeria) Water by Electroflotation Using Stainless Steel Electrodes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 54, 3328-3337. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.907749
Al Arni, S., Amous, J. and Ghernaout, D. (2019) On the Perspective of Applying of a New Method for Wastewater Treatment Technology: Modification of the Third Traditional Stage with Two Units, One by Cultivating Microalgae and Another by Solar Vaporization. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, 16, Article ID: 555934. https://doi.org/10.19080/IJESNR.2019.16.555934
Ghernaout, D., Alshammari, Y. and Alghamdi, A. (2018) Improving Energetically Operational Procedures in Wastewater Treatment Plants. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5, 64-72. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.09.010
Ghernaout, D. and El-Wakil, A. (2017) Requiring Reverse Osmosis Membranes Modifications—An Overview. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 5, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20170504.15
Ghernaout, D. (2017) Reverse Osmosis Process Membranes Modeling—A Historical Overview. Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, 2, 112-122.
Ghernaout, D., El-Wakil, A., Alghamdi, A., Elboughdiri, N. and Mahjoubi, A. (2018) Membrane Post-Synthesis Modifications and How It Came about. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5, 60-64. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.02.010
Rogers, T.W., Rogers, T.S., Stoner, M.H., Sellgren, K.L., Lynch, B.J., Forbis-Stokes, A.A., Stoner, B.R. and Hawkins, B.T. (2018) A Granular Activated Carbon/Electro- chemical Hybrid System for Onsite Treatment and Reuse of Blackwater. Water Research, 144, 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.070
Anfruns-Estrada, E., Bruguera-Casamada, C., Salvadó, H., Brillas, E., Sirés, I. and Araujo, R.M. (2017) Inactivation of Microbiota from Urban Wastewater by Single and Sequential Electrocoagulation and Electro-Fenton Treatments. Water Research, 126, 450-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.056