全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

The Origin of Life Discovered: ΣRNA

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1104681, PP. 1-15

Subject Areas: Cell Biology, Genetics, Bioengineering, Biochemistry

Keywords: The Origin of Life, RNA, Template, DNA, Polymerase, 3’,5’-Phosphodiester Bond

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

Since 1992, scientific knowledge has been enough to determine the origin of life: “life originated through RNA”. The truth is that current life world on Earth is just an RNA world, since the protein is created by RNA, then DNA as life’s database is created by RNA along with reverse transcriptase (a protein of RNA making). The two life series on the planet originated through two RNA groups (named ΣRNA ): IΣRNA and IIΣRNA . IΣRNA consists of the RNA members of the translational machinery (i.e., three kinds of rRNAs, 20 kinds of tRNAs, several ribozymes etc.) and the mRNA encoding an RNA replicase. IΣRNA is able to produce the RNA replicase and then with this replicase IΣRNA can also produce own template IΣRNA. Thus its two tools (own template IΣRNA and producing-force RNA replicase) arise. Two tools can in turn produce the template’s prototype, namely IΣRNA . So the prototype and its tools can produce each other, and the “egg-chicken” replication loop is formed. From this time, the life arises. IIΣRNA consists of the RNA mem-bers of the translational machinery and mRNA encoding reverse transcriptase and transcriptase. This group is able to produce reverse transcriptase and transcriptase. Thus, two tools (template IIΣDNA and producing-force tran-scriptase) can also arise, which can reproduce IIΣRNA (the prototype of the template). Here, the prototype and its tools can also produce each other, and the “egg-chicken” replication loop is similarly formed. Thus, life is also creat-ed. RNA viruses that do not involve DNA in their lifecycle belong to the IΣRNA life series. All life on Earth, excluding the above viruses, belong to the life series that originated from IIΣRNA .

Cite this paper

Zhou, M. (2018). The Origin of Life Discovered: ΣRNA . Open Access Library Journal, 5, e4681. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104681.

References

[1]  Watson, J.D. and Crick, F.H.C. (1953) Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids. Nature, 171, 737-738.
https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0
[2]  Noller, H.F., Hoffarth, V. and Zimniak, L. (1992) Unusual Resistance of Peptidyl Transferase to Protein Extraction Procedures. Science, 256, 1416-1419.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1604315
[3]  Piccirilli, J.A., McConnell, T.S., Zauq, A.J., Noller, H.F. and Cech, T.R. (1992) Aminoacyl Esterase Activity of the Tetrahymena Ribozyme. Science, 256, 1420-1423.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1604316
[4]  Cech, T.R. (2000) The Ribosome Is a Ribozyme. Science, 289, 878-879.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5481.878
[5]  Ban, N., Nissen, P., Hansen, J., Moore, P.B. and Steitz, T.A. (2000) The Complete Atomic Structure of the Large Ribosomal Subunit at 2.4 ? Resolution. Science, 289, 905-920.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5481.905
[6]  Nissen, P., Hansen, J., Ban, N., Moore, P.B. and Steitz, T.A. (2000) The Structural Basis of Ribosome Activity in Peptide Bond Synthesis. Science, 289, 920-930.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5481.920
[7]  Yusupov, M.M., Yusupova, G.Z., Baucom, A., Lieberman, K., Earnest, T.N., Cate, J.H.D. and Noller, H.F. (2001) Crystal Structure of the Ribosome at 5.5 ? Resolution. Science, 292, 883-896.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060089
[8]  Moore, P.B. and Steitz, T.A. (2002) The Involvement of RNA in Ribosome Function. Nature, 418, 229-235.
https://doi.org/10.1038/418229a
[9]  Steitz, T.A. and Moore, P.B. (2003) RNA, the First Macromolecular Catalyst: The Ribosome Is a Ribozyme. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 28, 411-418.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(03)00169-5
[10]  Rodnina, M.V., Beringer, M. and Wintermeyer, W. (2007) How Ribosomes Make Peptide Bonds. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 32, 20-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2006.11.007
[11]  Pace, N.R. (2001) The Universal Nature of Biochemistry. Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 805-808.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.3.805
[12]  Wikipedia (2016) Item: Parasitism. (The version modified on 13 De-cember 2016.)
[13]  Kornberg, A. (1960) Biologic Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Science, 131, 1503-1508.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.131.3412.1503
[14]  Weiss, S.B. (1960) Enzymatic Incorporation of Ribonucleoside Triphosphates into the Interpolynucleotide Linkages of Ribonucleic Acid. Proceedings of the National Acade-my of Sciences of the United States of America, 46, 1020-1030.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.46.8.1020
[15]  Hurwitz, J., Furth, J.J., Anders, M., Ortiz, P.J. and August, J.T. (1961) The Enzymatic Incorporation of Ribonucleotides into RNA and the Role of DNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 26, 91-100.
https://doi.org/10.1101/SQB.1961.026.01.014
[16]  Baltimore, D. (1970) RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase in Virions of RNA Tumour Viruses. Nature, 226, 1209-1211.
https://doi.org/10.1038/2261209a0
[17]  Temin, H.M. and Mizutani, S. (1970) RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase in Virions of Rous sarcoma Virus. Nature, 226, 1211-1213.
https://doi.org/10.1038/2261211a0
[18]  Baltimore, D., Huang, A.S. and Stampfer, M. (1970) Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis of Vesicular stomatitis Virus, II. An RNA Polymerase in the Virion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 66, 572-576.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.66.2.572
[19]  Gibson, D.G., Glass, J.I., Lartique, C., Noslov, V.N., Chuang, R.Y., Alqire, M.A., Benders, G.A., Montaque, M.G., Ma, L., Moodie, M.M., et al. (2010) Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome. Science, 329, 52-56.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190719
[20]  Pennisi, E. (2010) Synthetic Genome Brings New Life to Bacterium, Science, 328, 958-959.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.328.5981.958
[21]  Spiegelman, S., Haruna, I., Holland, I.B., Beaudreau, C. and Mills, D.R. (1965) The Synthesis of a Self-Propagating and Infectious Nucleic acid with a Purified Enzyme. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 54, 919-927.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.54.3.919

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413