Background: The present study was elaborated to assess the prevalence
of high birth weight and its related risk factors for macrosomic infants among women
in Southern Morocco. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on term singleton
live-births, with no morbidity or malformation, of a sample of (n = 78) nulliparous and multiparous non-diabetic
women delivering at Hassan I Provincial Hospital. Cases included neonates ≥ 4000 g, whereas controls comprised
infants with birth weight between 2500 and 3999 g. Personal information was collected
from pregnant women using a structured questionnaire, and through a review of their
medical records. Associations between exposure and dependent variable (macrosomia)
were calculated using linear and logistic regressions. Results: Macrosomia prevalence was 35.89%. Mean birth weight
in cases was 4310.71 ± 246.96 g, and in controls 3076.00 ± 533.97 g. Maternal lifestyle
behaviors, as well as sociodemographic factors were not associated with macrosomia,
except for maternal age over 40 years (OR: 4.27, 95% CI: 0.98-18.68). Logistic regression
model analysis indicated that macrosomia was strongly associated with hormone therapy
(adjusted OR: 18.83, 95% CI: 1.54-214.51), followed by obesity/overweight history (adjusted
OR: 7.94, 95% CI: 1.52-41.41), and pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25 Kg/m2 for pooled overweight and
obesity factor (adjusted OR: 5.24, 95% CI: 1.54-17.82). Conclusion: Pre-pregnancy BMI > 25 kg/m2, pre-existing overweight/ obesity, and hormone therapy
should be considered as independent risk factors for fetal macrosomia and require more attention from health professionals.
Cite this paper
Korrida, A. (2017). Rates and Risk Factors in Macrosomic Newborns among Non-Diabetic Parturients at Tiznit City, Morocco: A Case-Control Study. Open Access Library Journal, 4, e4225. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104225.
Jolly, M.C., Sebire, N.J., Harris, J.P., Regan, L. and Robinson, S. (2003) Risk Factors for Macrosomia and Its Clinical Consequences: A Study of 350,311 Pregnancies. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 11, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-2115(03)00154-4
Jeffers, E.C. (2016) Macrosomic Infants Born to Non-Diabetic Mothers in Nova Scotia: Determinants and Development of a Risk Prediction Model. Ph.D. Thesis, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Sco-tia.
Amini, P., Maroufizadeh, S., Hamidi, O., Samani, R.O. and Sepidarkish, M. (2016) Factors Associated with Macrosomia among Singleton Live-Birth: A Comparison between Logistic Regression, Random Forest and Artificial Neural Network Methods. Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health, 13, e119851-e119859.
Barker, D.J., Eriksson, J.G., Forsen, T. and Osmond, C. (2002) Fetal Origins of Adult Disease: Strength of Effects and Biological Basis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 1235-1239. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.6.1235
Schwartz, N., Quant, H.S., Sammel, M.D. and Parry, S. (2014) Macrosomia Has Its Roots in Early Placental Development. Placenta, 35, 684-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2014.06.373
Usta, A., Usta, C.S., Yildiz, A., Ozcaglayan, R., Dalkiran, E.S., Savkli, A. and Taskiran, M. (2017) Frequency of Fetal Macrosomia and the Associated Risk Factors in Pregnancies without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. The Pan African Medical Journal, 26, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.26.62.11440
Lepercq, J., Timsit, J. and Hauguel-de Mouzon, S. (2000) Ethiopathogénie de la macrosomiefoetale. Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, 29, 6-12.
Islam, R. (2012) Prevalence and Predictors of Macrosomia Newborn: Northern Norwegian Mother-and-Child Study. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tromsq, Tromso.
Abubakari, A., Kynast-Wolf, G. and Jahn, A. (2015) Prevalence of Abnormal Birth Weight and Related Factors in Northern Region, Ghana. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0790-y
Van Wootten, W. and Turner, R.E. (1999) The Prevalence of Macrosomia in Neonates of Gestational Diabetic Mothers: Analysis of Risk Factors. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 99, A32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00502-7
Gyselaers, W. and Martens, G. (2012) Increasing Prevalence of Macrosomia in Flanders, Belgium: An Indicator of Population Health and a Burden for the Future. Facts, Views & Visions in ObGyn, 4, 141-143.
Rodrigues, S. (1999) Epidemiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Infant Macrosomia among the Cree James Bay. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal.
Fettah, M. (2016) La macrosomie foetale à terme (à propos de 340 cas). Ph.D. Thesis, Université Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Fès.
EL Bakkali, M. and Azzouzi, Y. (2014) Les facteurs associés à la survenue de la macrosomie chez le nouveauné à l’hopital régional Cherif Idrissi dans la Région du Gharb, Maroc. European Scientific Journal, 10, 11-22.
Li, Y., Liu, Q.F., Zhang, D., Shen, Y., Ye, K., Lai, H.L., Wang, H.Q., Hu, C.L., Zhao, Q.H. and Li., L. (2015) Weight Gain in Pregnancy, Maternal Age and Gestational Age in Relation to Fetal Macrosomia. Clinical Nutrition Research, 4, 104-109. https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2015.4.2.104
WHO (World Health Organization) (1995) Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee, WHO Technical Report Series 854, World Health Organization, Geneva.
IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research Council) (2009) Weight Gain during Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
Stotland, N.E., Hopkin, L.M. and Caughey, A.B. (2004) Gestational Weight Gain, Macrosomia, and Risk of Cesarean Birth in Non-Diabetic Nulliparas. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 104, 671-677.
Onyearugha, C.N. and Ugboma, H.A.A. (2014) Macrosomia: Prevalence and Predisposing Factors as Seen at a University Teaching Hospital, South-South Nigeria. Journal of Medical Investigations and Practice, 9, 12-15.
Koyanagi, A., Zhang, J., Dagvadorj, A., Hirayama, F., Shibuya, K. and Gülmezoglu, A.M. (2013) Macrosomia in 23 Developing Countries: An Analysis of a Multicountry, Facility Based, Cross-Sectional Survey. The Lancet, 381, 476-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61605-5
Loos, R.J. (2009) Recent Progress in the Genetics of Common Obesity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68, 811-829. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03523.x
Voldner, N. (2009) Modifiable Determinants of Newborn Macrosomia and Birth Complications. STORK-Study. Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet Faculty of Medicine.
Hod, M. and Pardo, J. (2009) Environmental Rather than Genetic Fetal Overgrowth: Defining the Difference and Hints for Diagnosis and Management. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 33, 375-378. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.6352
Kabali, B.C. and Werler, M.M. (2007) Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index, Weight Gain and the Risk of Delivering Large Babies among Non-Diabetic Mothers. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 97, 100-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.02.001
Xie, Y.J., Peng, R., Han, L., Zhou, X., Xiong, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Yao, R., Li, T. and Zhao, Y. (2016) Associations of Neonatal High Birth Weight with Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain: A Case-Control Study in Women from Chongqing, China. BMJ Open, 6, e010935. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010935
Xiao, L., Ding, G., Vinturache, A., Xu, J., Ding, Y., Guo, J., Huang, L., Yin, X., Qiao, J., Thureraja, I. and Ben, X. (2017) Associations of Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain with Birth Outcomes in Shanghai, China. Nature Scientific Reports, 7, 1-8.
Shin, D., Lee, K.W. and Song, W.O. (2016) Pre-Pregnancy Weight Status Is Associated with Diet Quality and Nutritional Biomarkers during Pregnancy. Nutrients, 8, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030162
Haas, D.M. and Ramsey, P.S. (2013) Progestogen for Preventing Miscarriage. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10, 1-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub3
Azria, E. (2016) The Use of Progestatives for the Prevention of Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, 45, 1280-1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgyn.2016.09.012
Schmitz, T. (2016) Prevention of Preterm Birth Complications by Antenatal Corticosteroid Administration. Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, 45, 1399-1417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgyn.2016.09.008
Jefferson, W.N. and Williams, C.J. (2011) Circulating Levels of Genistein in the Neonate, Apart from Dose and Route, Predict Future Adverse Female Reproductive Outcomes. Reproductive Toxicology, 31, 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.001
Rimoldi, G., Christoffel, J., Seidlova-Wuttke, D., Jarry, H. and Wuttke, W. (2007) Effects of Chronic Genistein Treatment in Mammary Gland, Uterus, and Vagina. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9367
Ministère de l’Equipement, du Transport, de la Logistique et de l’Eau (2017) La monographie de la Province de Tiznit. http://www.equipement.gov.ma/Carte-Region/RegionAgadir/ Presentation-de-la-region/Monographie/Pages/Monographie-Tiznit.aspx
Pampel, F.C., Patrick, M., Krueger, P.M. and Denney, J.T. (2010) Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Behaviors. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 349-370. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529
Cesur, R. and Kelly, I.R. (2010) From Cradle to Classroom: High Birth Weight and Cognitive Outcomes. In: Forum for Health Economics & Policy, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, Boston, 13.
Altomare, R., Cacciabaudo, F., Damiano, G., Palumbo, V.D., Gioviale, M.C., Bellavia, M., Tomasello, G. and Lo Monte, A.I. (2013) The Mediterranean Diet: A History of Health. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42, 449-457.
Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche Maritime. Direction de Développement des Filières de Production. Produits du terroir du Maroc (2011) Catalogue National Edition. http://www.agriculture.gov.ma/sites/default/files/Produits-du-terroir.pdf
UNESCO (United Nations International Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) (2014) Argan, Practices and Know-How Concerning the Argan Tree. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/argan-practices-and-know-how- concerning-the-argan-tree-00955
Charrouf, Z. and Guillaume, D. (1999) Ethnoeconomical, Ethnomedical, and Phytochemical Study of Arganiaspinosa (L.) Skeels. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 67, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00228-1
Khallouki, F., Younos, C., Soulimani, R., Oster, T., Charrouf, Z., Spiegelhalder, B., Bartsch, H. and Owen, R.W. (2003) Consumption of Argan Oil (Morocco) with Its Unique Profile of Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, Squalene, Sterols and Phenolic Compounds Should Confer Valuable Cancer Chemo-Preventive Effects. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 12, 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200302000-00011
Bennani, H., Drissi, A., Giton, F., Kheuang, L., Fiet, J. and Adlouni, A. (2007) Antiproliferative Effect of Polyphenols and Sterols of Virgin Argan Oil on Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 31, 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdp.2006.09.006
Ould Mohamedou, M.M., Zouirech, K., El Messal, M., El Kebbaj, M.S., Chraibi, A. and Adlouni, A. (2011) Argan Oil Exerts an Antiatherogenic Effect by Improving Lipids and Susceptibility of LDL to Oxidation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2011, Article ID: 747835.
Cherki, M., Derouiche, A., Drissi, A., El Messal, M., Bamou, Y., Idrissi-Ouadghiri, A., Khalil, A. and Adlouni, A. (2005) Consumption of Argan Oil May Have an Antiatherogenic Effect by Improving Paraoxonase Activities and Antioxidant Status: Intervention Study in Healthy Men. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 15, 352-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2004.08.005
El Kebbaj, R. (2012) Base moléculaire des effets de l’huile d’argan sur le métabolisme mitochondrial et peroxysomal des acides gras et sur l’inflammation. PhD Thesis, Sciences Agricoles, Université de Bourgogne.
Adlouni, A., Christon, R., Cherki, M., Khalil, A. and ElMessal, M. (2008) The Nutritional Benefits of Argan Oil in Obesity Risk Prevention. Atheroscerosis, 9, 137-138.
El Monfalouti, H., Charrouf, Z., El Hamdouchi, A., Labraimi, H., Chafchaouni-Moussaoui, I., Kartah, B., El Kari, K., Bensouda, Y., Derouich, A., Dodin, S., Denhez, C., Guillaume, D. and Agnaou, H. (2013) Argan Oil and Postmenopausal Moroccan Women: Impact on the Vitamin E Profile. Natural Product Communications, 8, 55-63.
