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Seiridium (Sporocadaceae): an important genus of plant pathogenic fungi
G. Bonthond,J.Z. Groenewald,M. Sandoval-Denis,P.W. Crous
- , 2018, DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.04
Abstract: The genus Seiridium includes multiple plant pathogenic fungi well-known as causal organisms of cankers on Cupressaceae. Taxonomically, the status of several species has been a topic of debate, as the phylogeny of the genus remains unresolved and authentic ex-type cultures are mostly absent. In the present study, a large collection of Seiridium cultures and specimens from the CBS and IMI collections was investigated morphologically and phylogenetically to resolve the taxonomy of the genus. These investigations included the type material of the most important Cupressaceae pathogens, Seiridium cardinale, S. cupressi and S. unicorne. We constructed a phylogeny of Seiridium based on four loci, namely the ITS rDNA region, and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF), β-tubulin (TUB) and RNA polymerase II core subunit (RPB2). Based on these results we were able to confirm that S. unicorne and S. cupressi represent different species. In addition, five new Seiridium species were described, S. cupressi was lectotypified and epitypes were selected for S. cupressi and S. eucalypti
Three New Anamorph of Ceramothyrium from Fallen Leaves in Vietnam  [PDF]
Le Thi Hoang Yen, Yasuhisa Tsurumi, Duong Van Hop, Katsuhiko Ando
Advances in Microbiology (AiM) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/aim.2018.84021
Abstract: Three new anamorph of Ceramothyrium aquaticum sp. nov., Ceramothyrium exiguum sp. nov., and Ceramothyrium phuquocense sp. nov. are described and illustrated. These fungi were isolated from submerged decaying leaves collected from Phu Quoc National Park, Phu Quoc province, Viet Nam. The phylogeny based on ITS region and D1/D2 of the 28S rDNA gene showed that these fungi nested in the Ceramothyrium. Morphologically, C. aquaticum, C. phuquocense sp. nov. and C. exiguum sp. nov. are characterized; they were different from known anamorph species of Ceramothyrium by having one main axis and two lateral arms with 70 - 90, 33.5 - 72.5 and 70 - 130 μm long main axis, respectively. The table to compare Ceramothyrium anamorph is also given.
A New Report of Uropyxis daleae in the Andes Range Mountains of Atacama Desert, Chile  [PDF]
Germán Sepúlveda, Wilson Huanca-Mamani, Mabel Arismendi, Mauricio Salazar, Bernardo A. Latorre
Advances in Microbiology (AiM) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/aim.2021.116025
Abstract: A rust disease caused by Uropyxis daleae (Dietel & Holw.) Magnus was registered on the natural population of Dalea pennelli (Mac Bride) Mac Bride var. chilensis Barneby in the highland near the Andes in the northernmost of Chile. This pathogen shows uredinia with the presence of paraphyses and features, larger urediniospores and teliospores than U. daleae (Dietel & Holway) Magn. var. daleae. Based on morphological combined with 28S sequence analysis, we propose this pathogen as a new fungal variety: U. daleae var. socoromensis. This is the first report of Uropyxis daleae var. socoromensis attacking D. pennelli var. chilensis in Northern Chile.
Production, Detection and Cross-Reactivity of Anti-Polysaccharide Antibodies from Environmental Fungi  [PDF]
Rafael Andrade Menolli, Thais Soprani Ayala, Pablo Rodrigo da Rosa, Claudia Rejane Lima de Macedo Costa, Erica Fernanda Osaku, Rosiane G. Mello Zibetti
Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology (ABB) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/abb.2014.510095
Abstract: The diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Disease (IFD) is difficult because the sensitivity of conventional culture and cytology methods for the detection of Aspergillus is poor, and because serological methods exhibit cross-reactivity with environmental fungi. Fungal polysaccharides are of particular interest in the serologic diagnosis of IFD, especially galactomannan (GM) and glucan, which have been recognized as useful tools for the diagnosis of fungal infections. Further investigation into polysaccharide antibody cross-reactivity is important in improving diagnostic tests. Our aim was to verify the production of antibodies against fungal antigens in mice immunized with exopolysaccharides (EPS) obtained from three fungal species (Aspergillus terreus, Paecilomyces variotii and Curvularia brachyspora). ELISA assays were performed to evaluate homologous and heterologous reactions and showed anti-polysaccharide antibodies production. EPS from A. terreus was immunogenic enough to immunize the animal and lead to antibody production against this EPS. In addition, no cross-reactivity was observed with EPS obtained from P. variotii and C. brachyspora. The EPS from P. variotii did not exhibit good immunogenicity, whereas EPS from C. brachyspora showed good immunogenicity, and heterologous reactions were detected on the ELISA assays performed using the EPS from this species. The results indicate that immunization can occur for environmental fungal polysaccharides, generating antibodies may be interfere in serological diagnosis that are based on detection of fungal polysaccharides, mainly glucans and galactomannans.
Production and Nutritional Quality of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme) Are Improved in the Presence of Biochar and Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizae  [PDF]
Wilson Casta？eda, Marcia Toro, Andi Solorzano, Doris Zú？iga-Dávila
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2020.113031
Abstract: Tomato is a fruit of great nutritional interest in the basic human diet. The increasing use of agrochemicals to maintain production requires new alternatives to reduce environmental impact. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are beneficial microorganisms that favor the growth of plants improving their nutrition and development, protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic stresses and favoring the production of bioactive compounds that increase their nutritional value. The use of biochar as soil conditioner is also considered an environmentally friendly resource. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to observe the effect of the use of biochar and AM inoculation on the quality of fruits, yield and polyphenols production of Cherry tomato, Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme. A mixture of rice husk biochar with sterile sand and two inoculums of Glomeromycota native fungi: from a wetland (GWI) and a fallow field (GFI) were used. Control treatments consisted of inoculation with both GWI and GFI in sterile sand. All treatments were irrigated with 50% La Molina? hydroponic solution. After 12 weeks plants were harvested to quantify weight, number and diameters of the fruits, and yield, total polyphenols in the fruit pulp were quantified. In the presence of biochar and the two inoculums, GFI and GWI, fruit production was favored throughout the experiment. The height of the plants was significantly greater in the presence of biochar. Plants grown in biochar and inoculated with GFI had a yield of 8.2 MT/Ha, increasing in 50% this value respect to control with biochar (5.33 MT/Ha). This treatment doubled the number of fruits (59.5) with respect to the control (32.5). Root colonization by GFI was not affected by the presence of biochar. It is concluded that the combined use of rice husk biochar and Glomeromycota fungal inoculation is recommended for increasing of Cherry tomato yield and improving fruit quality through the production of bioactive compounds.
The occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in selected soils of Ladakh (India)  [PDF]
Sunil K. Deshmukh, Shilpa A. Verekar, Archana Shrivastav
Natural Science (NS) , 2010, DOI: 10.4236/ns.2010.211151
Abstract: 138 soil samples were collected from various loca-tions in Ladakh, a cold desert in the Himalayan region, India and the samples were screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi using the hair baiting techniques. 58 isolates were recovered and identified. The cultures were identified based on their macro- and micro-morphological features. A total of six genera and fourteen species were isolated namely Amauroascus kuehnii (0.72%), Aphanoascus keratinophilus (4.34%), Aphanoascus terreus (2.17%), Auxarthron alboluteum (0.72%), Auxarthron conjugatum (0.72%), Chrysosporium articulatum (0.72%), Chrysosporium mephiticum (0.72%), Chrysosporium minutisporosum (2.17%), Chrysosporium siglerae (0.72%), Chrysosporium sp. (1.44%), Chrysosporium tropicum (15.94 %), Chrysosporium submersum (3.62%), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (6.52%) and Geomyces pannorum (1.45%). The present study shows that keratinophilic fungi exist in the cold desert of Ladakh.
Inverse Correlation of Ability to Produce Aflatoxin and Aspergillus Colonization of Maize Seed  [PDF]
Kenneth C. Ehrlich, Qijian Wei, Robert L. Brown, Deepak Bhatnagar
Food and Nutrition Sciences (FNS) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.25070
Abstract: Seeds of aflatoxin-resistant and aflatoxin-susceptible maize lines were inoculated with conidia of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus or A. parasiticus isolates or isogenic non-producing mutants. Conidia were recovered from resistant maize seed after seven days in significantly lower amounts for aflatoxin-producing A. flavus and A. parasiticus strains than for isogenic mutants incapable of aflatoxin production. This result helps to explain why, in currently used biocontrol strategies for aflatoxin elimination, non-aflatoxigenic isolates are able to out-compete aflatoxin-producing isolates for invasion of the seed.
Phylogenetic Identification of Pathogenic Fungi from Apple in Batu City, Malang, Indonesia  [PDF]
Fitria W. Lestari, Suharjono  , Estri L. Arumingtyas
Advances in Microbiology (AiM) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/aim.2013.31011
Abstract:

Pathogenic fungi cause dying off of apple tree and giving negative impact to farmers. The objective of this study was to identify tree pathogenic fungi isolates from apple tree in the Batu City and to know phylogenetic relationship of the isolates based on the DNA sequences. The method in this study included subculture of three pathogenic fungi isolates (M1, M4, and MB1) using V8 Juice Agar medium for one to three days, continued with DNA isolation, amplification using ITS5/ITS4 primer, purification, sequencing, and sequence homology analysis of DNA amplicons of each isolates with reference isolates. The results showed similarity value of DNA sequence of the three isolates M1, M4, and MB1 of more than 99%. The three isolates M1, M4, and MB1 have a similarity value of DNA sequence with species of Pythium splendens of 99.84%, 99.67% and 99.83%, respectively. On the other hand similarity value between those isolates with Phytophthora was less than 76%. It was concluded that the three isolates are Py. splendens.

Behavior of the Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz & Sacc.), Which Causes Bitter Rot in Apples after Harvesting  [PDF]
Sideney Becker Onofre, Dirlane Antoniazzi
Advances in Microbiology (AiM) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/aim.2014.44026
Abstract:

The apple is the second most important fruit in Brazil. However, apple cultivars are susceptible to several diseases that can cause losses after harvesting. Bitter rot is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and is one of the most damaging summer diseases. The goal of this work was to evaluate the behavior of this fungus in four apple cultivars grown in Brazil (Fuji, Gala, Golden and Green) under two treatments: direct inoculation and isolated fungus. The fungus was isolated by taking fragments from infected fruits, which were stored on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) in a laboratory. For the direct treatment, the fungus was removed from infected fruits and directly inoculated into healthy fruits. After inoculation, the fruits were kept at room temperature and the halos of degradation were evaluated every 48 hours. The results demonstrated that direct inoculation was more pathogenic, that the Gala cultivar was the most resistant to the pathogen, and that the Golden cultivar was the most susceptible.

Relative Competitiveness of Nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi) with Tall Fescues and Kentucky Bluegrass  [PDF]
Pedro V. D. Moraes, Willian W. Witt, Timothy D. Phillips, Patricia Rossi, Luis E. Panozzo
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.526395
Abstract: Nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi) is a warm-season perennial grass (weed) native to the United States and Canada with low palatability. This species is dominant in many horse pastures in which bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is the primary forage. Tall fescues infected with endophyte fungae gives tall fescue plants greater competitividade ability and enviromental stress tolerance than their noninfected counterparts. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative competitiveness of nimblewill with bluegrass and tall fescues (Lolium arundinaceum) with or without endophytic fungi (strain AR584) through experiments using a replacement series design. Replacement series experiments were conducted in pots to evaluate the growth of species in a pure stand and in a mix stand with variables rates. Species competitiveness was evaluated based on the relative yield and relative yield total (and competitiveness index) of the dry weight of shoots from species grown together. Nimblewill was found to be more competitive than bluegrass, and all tall fescues were more competitive than nimblewill. Our results demonstrated that the presence of endophytes in three different tall fescues did not alter the competitiveness of these fescues with nimblewill, but the tall fescue Kentucky 31 was more competitive between tall fescues. Based on our finding, we concluded that fescues are recommended, especially without the endophytic fungi to suppress nimblewill in implantation of pastures to horses.
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