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Non-metallic inclusions structure dimension in high quality steel with medium carbon contents
T. Lipiński,A. Wach
Archives of Foundry Engineering , 2009,
Abstract: The experimental material consisted of semi-finished products of high-grade, medium-carbon structural steel. The production process involved two melting technologies: steel melting in a 140-ton basic arc furnace with desulfurization and argon refining variants, and in a 100-ton oxygen converter. Billet samples were collected to analyze the content of non-metallic inclusions with the use of an optical microscope and a video inspection microscope. The results were processed and presented in graphic form.
The share of non-metallic inclusions in high-grade steel for machine parts
T. Lipiński,A. Wach
Archives of Foundry Engineering , 2010,
Abstract: The aim of this work was to compare the differences in the purity steel in the dimensions of inclusion particles as dependent on various steel production processes. The experimental material consisted of semi-finished products of high-grade, medium-carbon constructional steel with: manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum and boron. The impurity content of steel was low as phosphorus and sulphur levels did not exceed 0.025%. The experimental material consisted of steel products obtained in three metallurgical processes: electric, electric with argon refining and oxygen converter with vacuum degassing of steel. Billet samples were collected to determine: chemical composition, relative volume of non-metallic inclusions, dimensions of impurities. The results were processed and presented in graphic form.
Study on the separation process of non-metallic inclusions at the steel？slag interface using water modeling
Ye-lian Zhou,Zhi-yin Deng,Miao-yong Zhu
- , 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-017-1445-y
Abstract: The separation process of non-metallic inclusions at the steel–slag interface was simulated by physical modeling. Three different kinds of particles (octahedral, plate-like, and spherical) and three different oils (kerosene, bean oil, and pump oil) were used to model inclusions and slags, respectively. The effects of inclusion geometry (shape and size) and slag properties (viscosity and interfacial tension) on the separation process were investigated. The results revealed that the variation of surface free energy and the viscosity of the slag are two significant factors affecting the separation process of inclusions at the steel–slag interface. The variation of surface free energy helped inclusions enter the slag phase, whereas the decrease of slag viscosity shortened the separation time. The deformation of the steel–slag interface could give rise to the resistance force, which would resist inclusions passing through the interface. A liquid film formed on the inclusion as it passed through the steel–slag interface, which might be related to the inclusion’s shape.
下渣对钢中非金属夹杂物的影响实验研究
Experimental Study on the Effect of Slag Carryover on Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel  [PDF]
战东平, 汤传海, 荆高扬, 邱诗婷, 黄懿, 周以铜, 段辉
Metallurgical Engineering (MEng) , 2025, DOI: 10.12677/meng.2025.123020
Abstract: 电弧炉或转炉等初炼炉下渣后，下渣会对钢的洁净度产生影响。为了探索不同下渣率对钢中夹杂物的影响，采用MoSi2炉开展了5种下渣率、2种精炼渣的渣金平衡实验。结果表明，钢中非金属夹杂物种类主要是MgO？Al2O3和极少量的Ca-Mg-Al-O系夹杂物，夹杂物类型受下渣影响较小。随着下渣率从0增加到8%，复合MgO？Al2O3中w (MgO)随着下渣率的增加而减小，而包裹型夹杂外层MgO？Al2O3中w (MgO)随着下渣率的增加而增加，精炼前后夹杂物的数密度和面积比均增加，钢中尺寸在1 ≤ d < 2 μm区间的夹杂物所占比例逐渐降低。实验结果显示S13渣具有更好的精炼能力。
FeO in Slag carryover from primary smelting furnace such as EAF or BOF would affect the cleanliness of steel during refining. In order to explore the influence of various slag carryover ratios on inclusions in steel during refining process, slag-metal equilibrium experiments under five different slag carryover ratios and two different refining slag were carried out by utilizing MoSi2 furnace. The results showed that the types of inclusions were mainly MgO·Al2O3 and a small number of Ca-Mg-Al-O inclusions, and the types of inclusions were less affected by slag carryover conditions. With the increase of slag carryover ratio from 0 to 8%, the w (MgO) in composite MgO·Al2O3 decreased with the increase of slag carryover ratios, while the w (MgO) in the outer layer MgO·Al2O3 of the inclusion increased with the increase of slag carryover ratios. The number density and area ratio of inclusions increased before and after refining with the increase of slag carryover ratios, meanwhile the proportion of inclusions in the range of 1 ≤ d < 2 μm decreased gradually. S13 slag has the better refining ability.
Modification of oxide inclusions present in aluminum-killed low carbon steel by addition of calcium
Pires, José Carlos S.;Garcia, Amauri;
Rem: Revista Escola de Minas , 2004, DOI: 10.1590/S0370-44672004000300008
Abstract: the increasing demand in recent years for high-quality steel products has led to the continuous improvement of steelmaking practices. there is a special interest in the control of non-metallic inclusions due to their harmful effect on the subsequent stages and their great influence on the properties of the final product. through the control of the amount, size and chemical composition of the inclusions it is possible to obtain a final product of good quality. the control of the formation of non-metallic inclusions and the identification of their constituent phases are of extreme importance for the obtaining of clean steels. in this work, samples collected in a steelmaking process are analyzed and it is demonstrated that by comparing the total calcium and oxygen contents in the steel, it is possible to have an overview of the types of oxide inclusions present.
Numerical analysis of the non-metallic inclusions distribution and separation in a two-strand tundish
M. Warzecha,T. Merder
Metalurgija , 2013,
Abstract: The tundish plays an important role in the challenging task of a “clean steel” production process. The flow of the liquid steel in tundish has a crucial influence on non-metallic inclusions distribution and separation. The article presents computational studies of non-metallic inclusions separation in a two-strand industrial tundish during steady-state casting. Tundish capacity is 7,5 t. First, flow structure in the tundish was investigated using water model of the industrial tundish in a 1:2 scale. The experimental results, regarding RTD characteristics were used to validate numerical model. With validated model, particle distribution and separation in the two-strand tundish were investigated numerically. For modelling the separation of particles at the fluid surface, a modified boundary condition has been implemented.
The effect of out-of-furnace treatment on the properties of high-grade medium-carbon structural steel
T. Lipiński,A. Wach
Archives of Foundry Engineering , 2010,
Abstract: The experimental material consisted of high-grade, medium-carbon, semi-finished structural steel. The production process involved two melting technologies: in a 140-ton basic arc furnace with desulphurisation and argon refining variants, and in a 100-ton oxygen converter. Following heat treatment, rolled samples with a diameter of 10 mm were subjected to fatigue tests. Heat treatment involved quenching from a temperature of 1153 K and tempering at a temperature of 473, 673 and 783 K. Fatigue tests were performed with the use of a rotary bending machine at a frequency of 6000 cpm. The results were processed and presented in graphic form.
Investigation of C-Mn-B steel after hot deformation
N. Wolańska,A.K. Lis,J. Lis
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering , 2007,
Abstract: Purpose: Microstructure investigations after hot deformation carried out on the low carbon-manganese steel withaddition of boron was presented in this work. The non-metallic inclusion influence on the microstructure and typeof crack mechanism was shown.Design/methodology/approach: The hot ductility investigations were done on tensile test machine. Theductility of the steel was measured by reduction of area during the extension test in the temperature rangefrom 700oC to 1200oC. The test was carried out with two different strain rates 0.01s-1 which is characteristicfor the continuous casting process and 6.5s-1 which is characteristic for rolling of heavy plates and billets. Thedeformation microstructures of investigated steel after the hot extension tests and the chemical composition of nonmetallicinclusion were established and characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopywith EDX.Findings: The established ~30 % ductility minimum of investigated steel with 0.01s-1 strain rate, was located inthe temperature range from 900oC to 1000oC. This temperature range correspond with band straightening operationin the continues casting process. For fast strain rate 6.5s-1 the minimum of hot ductility equals ~65% reduction ofarea value. The structure after air cooling ferrite-bainite and ferrite-pearlite microstructures were observed. Theinclusions in deferent size from 0.6 to 4 μm and different shape which are MnS and SiO2 inclusions with someother elements like Al2O3 and MnO were observed.Practical implications: Low carbon steel with addition of boron is produced by continuous casting processwhere straightening of the strand is taken place close to 900oC. This temperature corresponds with hot ductilityminimum for investigated steel.Originality/value: Available literature concerns investigations of low carbon steels but without boron addition,which expect to have strong influence on the position of the hot ductility minimum.
Influence of non-metallic inclusions on the strength properties of screws made of 35B2+Cr steel after softening
J. Krawczyk,B. Paw？owski
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering , 2012,
Abstract: Purpose: This paper presents the results of the research on the influence of non-metallic inclusions on strength properties of 35B2+Cr steel screws.Design/methodology/approach: The investigations were carried out on screws after softening. The investigated steels with different fraction of non-metallic inclusions were delivered by three different suppliers.Findings: It was proved, that in spite of the level of fraction of non-metallic inclusions compatible with the corresponding standards, they directly or indirectly influence the strength properties of 35B2+Cr steel screws. This influence depends on the character of the inclusions.Research limitations/implications: The investigations were carried out only on screws made of only one steel grade.Practical implications: Influence of non-metallic inclusions on properties of 35B2+Cr steel, within analysed range of their content, is not significant enough to be a critical factor in relation to operating failures of the screws made of this steel.Originality/value: Influence of non-metallic inclusions on properties of 35B2+Cr steel was analysed.
CFD modelling of non-metallic inclusions removal process in the T-type tundish
M. Warzecha,T. Merder,P. Warzecha
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering , 2012,
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of performed research is to diagnose the possibilities of non-metallic inclusions removal from liquid steel flowing through the two-strand T-type tundish with its current configuration.Design/methodology/approach: Research were performed with numerical simulations. Initial conditions for inclusions distribution were obtained earlier with experimental measurements during industrial casting conditions.Findings: Numerical simulations let to investigate the flow field structure of liquid steel in the tundish and its impact on inclusions trajectories and separation from steel to the slag. Moreover it was found that standard boundary condition (trap) available in commercial code for disperse phase is not suitable to model complex physical phenomena occurring at the steel-slag interphase.Research limitations/implications: Commercial use of computational codes for the analysis of work and design of industrial facilities is a relatively inexpensive toolPractical implications: The research results presented in the paper can be used for steel production of high purity steels.Originality/value: Presented results may contribute to significant improvements in process efficiency of investigated tundish.
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