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OALib Journal期刊

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A Method for Serial Tissue Processing and Parallel Analysis of Aberrant Crypt Morphology, Mucin Depletion, and Beta-Catenin Staining in an Experimental Model of Colon Carcinogenesis
John N McGinley, Matthew D Thompson, Henry J Thompson
Biological Procedures Online , 2010, DOI: 10.1007/s12575-010-9032-x
Abstract: Visualization of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in methylene blue-stained colon whole mounts was first described by Bird [1] and gave insight into early pathologic changes in colon epithelium associated with carcinogen treatment and the subsequent development of colon cancer. Morphologic criteria used to identify ACF include: darkly stained epithelium, slight elevation of epithelial cells above the surrounding normal mucosa, increased pericryptal zone, enlarged crypt size, and changes in crypt shape [1-4]. While numerous ACF can be found within colons of carcinogen-treated animals, tumor multiplicity is quite low with one or two carcinomas observed per animal [5]. This situation has given rise to a controversy regarding the clinical relevance of ACF [3,6,7] since they have been widely used as a surrogate endpoint for colon carcinogenesis to screen compounds for cancer chemopreventive activity in preclinical models [8]. Loss of mucin occurs in a small percentage of ACF, and these mucin-depleted foci (MDF) have been proposed to identify ACF with an increased probability of progressing to cancer, but this concept also has come under scrutiny [5,9-12]. Herein, we describe methods and evaluate the usefulness of morphometric image analysis to yield insight into this problem.Current approaches used to prepare and evaluate colon whole mounts for identification and characterization of ACF [1,12-15] have a number of issues, which are not conducive to consistent acquisition of digital images and subsequent image analysis. They include: (1) tissues mounted on filter paper or cork boards to flatten during fixation must be removed from the object for transillumination and visualization of the stained mucosa [1,16]; (2) high-quality image capture of free-floating stained specimens can be difficult or unfeasible due to specimen movement in fluid media and natural topographical changes present in the colonic tissue; (3) real-time ACF counting and scoring, using a dissecting microscope, a
A Method for Serial Tissue Processing and Parallel Analysis of Aberrant Crypt Morphology, Mucin Depletion, and Beta-Catenin Staining in an Experimental Model of Colon Carcinogenesis
McGinley John,Thompson Matthew,Thompson Henry
Biological Procedures Online , 2010,
Abstract: The use of architectural and morphological characteristics of cells for establishing prognostic indicators by which individual pathologies are assigned grade and stage is a well-accepted practice. Advances in automated micro- and macroscopic image acquisition and digital image analysis have created new opportunities in the field of prognostic assessment; but, one area in experimental pathology, animal models for colon cancer, has not taken advantage of these opportunities. This situation is primarily due to the methods available to evaluate the colon of the rodent for the presence of premalignant and malignant pathologies. We report a new method for the excision and processing of the entire colon of the rat and illustrate how this procedure permitted the quantitative assessment of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a premalignant colon pathology, for characteristics consistent with progression to malignancy. ACF were detected by methylene blue staining and subjected to quantitative morphometric analysis. Colons were then restained with high iron diamine–alcian blue for assessment of mucin depletion using an image overlay to associate morphometric data with mucin depletion. The subsequent evaluation of ACF for beta-catenin staining is also demonstrated. The methods described are particularly relevant to the screening of compounds for cancer chemopreventive activity. Additional file 1 Click here for file
An Assessment of Groundwater Grab Syndrome in Langata Sub County, Nairobi City-Kenya  [PDF]
E. A. Ochungo, G. O. Ouma, J. P. O. Obiero, N. A. Odero
Journal of Water Resource and Protection (JWARP) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2019.115038
Abstract: Interest on the investigation of groundwater depletion threat is growing globally and Langata sub County in Nairobi, the capital city of the Republic of Kenya, is not an exception. Because of drought-induced water shortage, households in Langata do rely on borehole water to augment their intermittent municipal water supply system. Consequently, there is an upsurge of borehole developments as drought events unfold. Previous studies here have focused on impact of borehole depths and density yet little seems to have been done to compute the correlation coefficient between drought events data and historical borehole development records as an assessment for groundwater “grab” syndrome. This study used drought index computation method (SPI) alongside other statistical methods to seek the answer to the problem. Using 57 years of monthly rainfall data and 26 years of borehole development data, the study established that, there is a positive correlation coefficient. Similarly, a trend analysis of borehole drilling and struck water level depths indicated a positive parallel rising trend on both. Further, when the borehole distribution map and struck water level contour maps were plotted, a sign of a probable well interference during pumping was detected, which however, requires a new investigation to confirm the syndrome of groundwater depletion threat. The study has contributed to the groundwater depletion research by deploying statistical research methods for risk detection. Finally, the study has proposed for a new groundwater management policy that will encourage initiation of artificial recharge schemes for the study site and beyond.
Cutaneous focal mucinosis
Gandhi Vijay,Dogra Devraj,Pandhi R
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology , 1996,
Abstract: A 26-year-old male presented with asymptomatic, flesh coloured nodules on right elbow, forehead and right retroauricular region. A skin biopsy form the nodule stained with hematoxylin and eosin and special stain (mucicarmine) showed focal deposition of mucin in the dermis.
Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles and the Mucin Biopolymer Barrier
Ghaith Aljayyoussi,Muthanna Abdulkareem,Peter Griffiths,Mark Gumbleton
BioImpacts , 2012,
Abstract: Mucus in the gastrointestinal tract remains a tenacious barrier that restricts the passage of many orally administered compounds into the GIT’s epithelial layer and consequently into the systemic circulation. This results in significant decreases in the oral bioavailability of many therapeutic molecules. Nanoparticles offer an avenue to surpass this mucus barrier. They can be used as drug carriers to improve the bioavailability of many compounds that are restricted by mucus. Nanoparticles achieve penetration of the mucus barrier through a multitude of properties that they possess as their size, charge density, and surface functional groups which can all be tailored to achieve optimal penetration of the thick and fibrous mucus barrier. This article offers a quick review about the use of nanoparticles as drug carriers to increase mucus penetration in the gastro intestinal tract.
Lubiprostone stimulates small intestinal mucin release
De Lisle Robert C
BMC Gastroenterology , 2012, DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-156
Abstract: Background Lubiprostone is a synthetic bicyclic fatty acid derivative of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) used for chronic constipation. The best known action of lubiprostone is simulation of Cl- dependent fluid secretion. In a mouse model of the genetic disease cystic fibrosis, we previously showed that in vivo administration of lubiprostone resulted in greater mucus accumulation in the small intestine. The aim of this study was to directly test whether lubiprostone stimulates intestinal mucin release. Methods Mucin release was measured by mounting segments (4-5 cm) of mouse proximal-mid small intestine in an organ bath, allowing access to the perfusate (luminal) and the bath (serosal) solutions. Nifedipine (10-6 M) and indomethacin (10-5 M) were included in all solutions to inhibit smooth muscle activity and endogenous prostaglandin production, respectively. The tissue was equilibrated under flow for 30 min, using the perfusate collected during the final 10 min of the equilibration period to measure unstimulated release rate. Stimulus was then added to either the perfusate or the bath and the perfusate was collected for another 30 min to measure the stimulated mucin release rate. Mucin in perfusates was quantified by periodic acid-Schiff's base dot-blot assay, using purified pig gastric mucin as a standard. Results When applied luminally at 1 μM lubiprostone was ineffective at stimulating mucin release. When added to the serosal solution, 1 μM lubiprostone stimulated mucin release to ~300% of the unstimulated rate. As a positive control, serosal 1 μM prostaglandin E2 increased mucin release to ~400% of the unstimulated rate. Conclusions These results support the idea that lubiprostone has prostaglandin-like actions on the intestine, which includes stimulation of mucin release. Stimulation of mucin release by lubiprostone may be protective in gastrointestinal conditions where loss of mucus is believed to contribute to pathogenesis. Thus, in addition to chronic constipation, there is greater potential for the therapeutic applications of lubiprostone.
Mucinous Naevus: A Rare Variant of Connective Tissue Naevus
Bhavna Nayal,Mary Mathew,Pramod Kumar,Rajesh Parameshwaran Nair
Journal of Interdisciplinary Histopathology , 2013, DOI: 10.5455/jihp.20130116111804
Abstract: Mucinous naevus is a form of primary cutaneous mucinosis and connective tissue neavus characterized by deposition of dermal type of mucin in the dermis. Clinically, these lesions may present as papulonodules or plaques and are treated by simple surgical excision. This case is being reported because of the unusual location and rarity of this lesion. [J Interdiscipl Histopathol 2013; 1(2.000): 89-92]
Sclerosing ‘Mucinous’ Blue Nevus: A Clinical Simulator of Dermatofibroma
Claudia-S.Vetter-Kauczok,Jürgen-C. Becker,Eva-B. Br？cker
Clinical Medicine : Pathology , 2008,
Abstract:
Mucinous Nevus
Hae Young Choi,Ji Yeon Byun,Min Young Lee,You Won Choi
- , 2018, DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.4.465
Abstract: Mucinous nevus is an uncommon entity classified as either a cutaneous mucinosis or a connective tissue nevus. The condition presents as grouped papules and coalescent plaques growing in a unilateral or zosteriform manner. The key histopathological feature is a band-like deposition of mucin in the superficial dermis. A 34-year-old male presented with grouped gray-brown papules and confluent plaques exhibiting a zosteriform distribution on the right side of the lower back. The lesions had commenced in childhood. Histological examination revealed mucin deposition in the papillary dermis. Thus, we diagnosed a mucinous nevus. To date, only a few reports of such nevi have been reported in the literature. Therefore we report a rare case of mucinous nevus
Nutrient Flows in Perennial Crop-Based Farming Systems in the Humid Forests of Cameroon  [PDF]
Eugene Ejolle Ehabe, Nomo Lucien Bidzanga, Charles-Magloire Mba, Jetro Nkengafac Njukeng, Inacio de Barros, Frank Enjalric
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2010, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2010.11006
Abstract: A study was conducted in some perennial crop-based farms in the humid forests of South West Cameroon, to better understand their soil fertility patterns and management and identify factors that contribute most to nutrient depletion trends in such multi-storey farmholdings. The main perennial crops were the para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and oil palm (Eleais guineensis) whose ages ranged from immature to very old (senescence). Data were collected over a two-year period (2007 and 2008) and modelled using the farm NUTrient MONitoring (NUTMON) tool. Results showed that the farming systems played key roles in the overall exploitation strategies. Plantain and cassava (annual crops) and cocoa (perennial) were the most associated crops, accounting for more than half of intercropped frequencies. Whereas nutrient flows within and between farm units were confirmed, the net loss in soil N, P and K nutrient balances differed with the main perennial crop - being highest for the oil palm and lowest for the rubber tree. The average nutrient balance of each farm was markedly negative for N but positive for P and K. Partial nutrient balance (ignoring biophysical flows like N-fixation, leaching and erosion) was positive for the three nutrients indicating therefore that the biophysical flows accounted more for N depletion. Nitrogen loss was mainly due to, leaching (~70%), volatilization (~20%), and exported crops and their residues.
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