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OALib Journal期刊

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Related Variations of Solar Energy Flux and the CO2 Content in the Earth Atmosphere  [PDF]
Jacques Raymond Daniel Lépine
Atmospheric and Climate Sciences (ACS) , 2026, DOI: 10.4236/acs.2026.161001
Abstract: The aim of this work is to present a series of arguments against the widely accepted interpretation that the present heating of the Earth atmosphere is due to the increase of the CO2 molecule abundance in it, which results in an increase of the greenhouse effect. The CO2 abundance variation is supposed to be largely due to human activities, like thermal power plants for production of electricity, cars, planes, and many industries. First, we briefly present the observational data that are used to support this dominant point of view. We agree that an apparent correlation does exist between the CO2 abundance and the atmospheric temperature, but it is wrongly interpreted. We suggest that it is the variations of solar energy reaching the Earth that produces changes of temperature, and in parallel this increase in temperature produces additional CO2 content in the atmosphere. Our arguments are based on an analysis of the history of the sunspot’s activity along approximately the last 10 centuries and on the correlation of this solar activity with the temperature on Earth. Motivated by the long-term analysis of Solar activity that we performed, a model is proposed to explain the surprising constancy of the time interval of 11 years between successive maximums of sunspots. The model is based on the interaction between Jupiter and the external layers of the Sun. In the conclusion section, a few possible actions to keep the temperature of the atmosphere within an adequate range are commented.
Astral Actions on Allais’ Pendulum Apparently Inexplicable by Classical Factors: A Point of the Situation  [PDF]
Jean-Bernard Deloly
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2024.159056
Abstract: 1) The observation by Allais of the precession of pendulums from 1954 to 1960 highlighted regularities of astral origin an in-depth analysis of which showed that, apparently, no classical phenomenon can explain them. These regularities were diurnal waves whose periods are characteristic of astral influence (the main ones being 24 h and 24 h 50 min), annual and semi-annual components, and a multi-annual component of approximately 6 years, an influence of Jupiter being a very good candidate to explain it. 2) Allais had experimentally established that all these astral influences were expressed globally on the pendulum by an action tending to call back its plane of oscillation towards a direction variable in time, and which ovalized its trajectory. In 2019 the observation of 2 pendulums in Horodnic (Romania), thanks to the use of an automatic alidade, made it possible to identify the main mechanism that, very probably, acted on the pendulum to achieve this result. This perturbation model, called “linear anisotropy”, is characterized by its “coefficient of anisotropy” η, and by the azimuth of its “direction of anisotropy”. The composition of 2 linear anisotropies is always a linear anisotropy. 3) In the search for the phenomena which could be at the origin of all what precedes, the fact that they must create an ovalization immediately eliminates some of them. 4) We have calculated the values of η corresponding to the 24 h and 24 h 50 min waves both for the observations in Horodnic and the Allais observations. The order of magnitude (some 10？7) is effectively the same in both cases. 5) Mathematically, the regularities discovered may result of a new force field but also, as Allais proposes, from the creation, under the astral influences, of a local anisotropy of the medium in which the pendulum oscillates. In the first case the length of the pendulum is involved, in the second one not. The data available do not make it possible to decide. 6) The joint exploitation, in mechanics and optics, of Allais observations and of observations by other experimenters provides additional information: a) Allais, and after him several other scientists, discovered also marked anomalies in the precession of pendulums during certain eclipses, and maybe certain other syzygies. For the few eclipses for which both something was observed and sufficient data were available (one of them being a lunar eclipse for which nothing had been published until now), it was always the above perturbation model which
Are Sunspots Stabilizing?  [PDF]
Paul Shea
Theoretical Economics Letters (TEL) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/tel.2011.13023
Abstract: The reduced form solutions of indeterminate rational expectations models often include extraneous expectational errors or “sunspots”. Sunspots are usually modeled as independent of the model’s fundamentals, and are often presumed to result in excess volatility. An alternate approach, however, is to assume that sunspots include both an overreaction or underreaction to fundamentals, as well as genuine extraneous noise. This paper uses a simple linear model to formally show how the relationship between sunspots and fundamentals affects aggregate volatility. Sunspots reduce volatility if 1) they include an undereaction to fundamentals, 2) the variance of genuine extraneous noise is sufficiently small, and 3) the root that causes indeterminacy is sufficiently far from one.
A New Mathematical Justification for the Hydrodynamic Equilibrium of Jupiter  [PDF]
Mahammad A. Nurmammadov
Open Journal of Applied Sciences (OJAppS) , 2022, DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2022.129105
Abstract: In this paper, the case of Jupiter being found in hydrodynamic equilibrium is for the first time investigated solely by mathematical methods. With the help of the hydrodynamic method, formulas of energy balance for oval and vortex are found, which are summed as permanent kinetic energy and constantly provide equilibrium for the stable rotational movements of Jupiter. To find the total kinetic energy of the oval and vortex in turbulent mode, Green’s function methods with special definitions and flow functions that describe the movement of the vortex are applied. The results are expressed in lemmas and theorems. For the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the preservation of the cyclone and the anticyclone are mentioned. The relationships between the angular velocity and the gradient of pressure and the Corolias parameter are also given. The Rossby number is given for steady rotational motion. These facts show the existence of necessary and sufficient conditions for maintaining the stability of rotational motion and prove the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter. In this case using stream function and constructing generalized Green’s function and accordance energy conservation laws, the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter is proved.
Inexplicable Multi-Annual Astral Action on the Precession of Allais Pendulum: An Influence of the Solar System (and Especially of Jupiter?)  [PDF]
Jean-Bernard Deloly
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2023, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2023.146053
Abstract: Between 1954 and 1961, Allais conducted 6 one-month observations of the azimuth of the plane of oscillation of a pendulum installed in his laboratory. That of 1958 also implemented a second pendulum, identical to the first, located 6 km away in an underground quarry. Although, over these 6 years, the average azimuth of each observation, the amplitude of the 24 h 50 min and 24 h waves, as well as certain other quantities, have evolved considerably, in 1958 their values were very close to those of the second pendulum. The analysis shows that these evolutions could only result from an action external to the pendulum, that no classical phenomenon seems to be able to explain, and which appears, at least mainly, to be an astral action. The evolution of the average azimuth of the pendulum and of the amplitudes of the 24 h and 24 h 50 min components can be decomposed into a component associated with the annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun, and a multi-annual component, whose harmonic 1 has a period which was estimated to 5.74 years. An action of Jupiter is an excellent candidate to explain a large part of the multi-annual action: everything happens as if there were an important action of the modulus of its declination on the multi-annual component, and an important daily action of its hour angle on the azimuth of the pendulum. We cannot exclude an action of the solar cycle, whose period was then about 11 years. The main results were obtained by Allais himself, but this was only published in his book “The Anisotropy of Space”, and remained very little known. Starting from the raw data of Allais, the author of this article found them again, and completed them on certain points.
Jovian Planet Influence on the Forcing of Sunspot Cycles  [PDF]
Fred J. Cadieu
World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics (WJCMP) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/wjcmp.2024.141001
Abstract: The history of our solar system has been greatly influenced by the fact that there is a large gas giant planet, Jupiter that has a nearly circular orbit. This has allowed relics of the early solar system formation to still be observable today. Since Jupiter orbits the Sun with a period of approximately 12 years, it has always been thought that this could be connected to the nearly 11-year periodic peak in the number of sunspots observed. In this paper, the Sun and planets are considered to be moving about a center of mass point as the different planets orbit the Sun. This is the action of gravity that holds the solar system together. The center of mass for the Jupiter-Sun system actually lies outside the Sun. The four gas giant planets dominate such effects and the four gas giant Jovian planets can be projected together to determine an effective distance from the Sun’s center. Taken together these effects do seem to function as a sunspot forcing factor with a periodicity very close to 11 years. These predictions are made without consideration of any details of what is happening in the interior of the Sun. From these estimates, sunspot cycle 25 will be expected to peak in about September-October of 2025. Sunspot cycle 26 should peak in the year March of 2037.
An early comment on the sunspot-climate connection
Galindo, S;Saladino, A;
Revista mexicana de física E , 2008,
Abstract: in 1784, a remark on the possible relationship between sunspots and climate was published by the mexican astronomer and meteorologist jose antonio alzate. in this paper we wish to note that alzate was perhaps the first 18th century scientist to suggest the possible relation between sunspots and the earth's weather, thus preceding william herschel's 1801 scientifically reasoned statement on this matter, the latter widely regarded as the earliest ever made
Sunspot Modeling: From Simplified Models to Radiative MHD Simulations
Matthias Rempel,Rolf Schlichenmaier
Living Reviews in Solar Physics , 2011,
Abstract: We review our current understanding of sunspots from the scales of their fine structure to their large scale (global) structure including the processes of their formation and decay. Recently, sunspot models have undergone a dramatic change. In the past, several aspects of sunspot structure have been addressed by static MHD models with parametrized energy transport. Models of sunspot fine structure have been relying heavily on strong assumptions about flow and field geometry (e.g., flux-tubes, "gaps", convective rolls), which were motivated in part by the observed filamentary structure of penumbrae or the necessity of explaining the substantial energy transport required to maintain the penumbral brightness. However, none of these models could self-consistently explain all aspects of penumbral structure (energy transport, filamentation, Evershed flow). In recent years, 3D radiative MHD simulations have been advanced dramatically to the point at which models of complete sunspots with sufficient resolution to capture sunspot fine structure are feasible. Here overturning convection is the central element responsible for energy transport, filamentation leading to fine-structure and the driving of strong outflows. On the larger scale these models are also in the progress of addressing the subsurface structure of sunspots as well as sunspot formation. With this shift in modeling capabilities and the recent advances in high resolution observations, the future research will be guided by comparing observation and theory.
Magnetic Structure of Sunspots
Juan M. Borrero,Kiyoshi Ichimoto
Living Reviews in Solar Physics , 2011,
Abstract: In this review we give an overview about the current state-of-knowledge of the magnetic field in sunspots from an observational point of view. We start by offering a brief description of tools that are most commonly employed to infer the magnetic field in the solar atmosphere with emphasis in the photosphere of sunspots. We then address separately the global and local magnetic structure of sunspots, focusing on the implications of the current observations for the different sunspots models, energy transport mechanisms, extrapolations of the magnetic field towards the Corona, and other issues.
Identification of Beryllium Hydride Isotopomer Lines in Sunspot Umbral Spectra
Shanmugavel, R.,Bagare, S. P.,Rajamanickam, N.,Balachandra Kumar, K.
Serbian Astronomical Journal , 2008,
Abstract: A high resolution spectrum of FTS sunspot umbra of NSO/Kitt Peak was used to conduct a search for the molecular absorption lines due to BeH, BeD and BeT isotopomers. Analysis led to estimates of identification of the molecular lines of bands A - X (0,0), (1,1) and (2,2) for BeH, A - X (0,0), (1,1), (2,2) and (3,3) for BeD and of A - X (0,0), (1,1) and (2,2) for BeT. Among the identified lines, those which are well resolved were selected for measurements to calculate equivalent widths. The values of effective rotational temperature T were estimated for bands A - X(1,1) and (2,2) of BeH, A - X(1,1) of BeD and A - X(2,2) of BeT to be 4228K, 4057K, 3941K and 3243K respectively.
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