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Geothermal and seismic evidence for a southeastern continuation of the three pagodas fault zone into the Gulf of Thailand
Prinya Putthapiban,Wanida Chantong,Phumee Srisuwon,Charongporn Praipiban
Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology , 2012,
Abstract: Aerial photographic maps and landsat image interpretations suggest the major fault segments of the Three PagodaFault (TPF) Zone and Sri Swat Fault (SSF) Zone are oriented parallel or sub-parallel in the same NW-SE directions. The KwaeNoi River is running along the TPF in the south whereas the Kwae Yai River is running along the SSF in the north. Thesoutheastern continuation of both faults is obscured by thick Cenozoic sediments. Hence, surface lineaments cannot betraced with confidence. However, based on some interpretations of the airborne magnetic survey data, the trace of such faultsare designated to run through the western part of Bangkok and the northern end of the Gulf of Thailand. Paleo-earthquakesand the presence of hot springs along the fault zones indicate that they are tectonically active. The changes of both physicaland chemical properties of the water from Hin Dart Hot Spring and those of the surface water from a shallow well at Ban KhaoLao during the Great Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake on 26th of December 2004 clearly indicated that the southeastern continuation of the TPF is at least as far south as Pak Tho District, Ratburi. Our new evidence of the alignment of the high heatflow in the upper part of the Gulf of Thailand verified that the TPF also extend into the Gulf via Samut Songkhram Province.Studies of the seismic data from two survey lines along the Western part of the upper Gulf of Thailand acquired by BritoilPlc. in 1986, namely Line A which is approximately 60 km long, starting from Bang Khen passing through Bang Khae andending in Samut Songkhram and Line B is approximately 30 km long starting from Samut Sakon ending in Samut Song Khramsuggest that all the faults or fractures along these seismic profiles are covered by sediments of approximately 230 m thickwhich explain that the fault underneath these seismic lines is quite old and may not be active. The absent of sign or trace ofthe TPF Path to the west suggested that there is no segment of such fault along these seismic lines.
Seismic activities in Kanchanaburi: Past and present
Passakorn Pananont,Burin Wechbunthung,Prinya Putthapiban,Danai Wattanadilokkul
Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology , 2011,
Abstract: Seismic activities in Kanchanaburi Province of the western Thailand have been a major concern among the Thai publicdue to the fear that a big earthquake caused by the Three Pagodas Fault Zones (TPFZ) and the Sri Sawat Fault Zone (SSFZ), oneof the largest active fault zones in Thailand, could damage the large dams and generate a great disaster to the communities.Four hundred and thirty seven earthquakes that occurred in Kanchanaburi since 1983 have been analyzed for the time andlocation distributions along with the frequency magnitude relationship. There are no clear correlations between the epicentersof these earthquakes and the known locations of the active faults in the region. The seismic catalog used in this study iscomplete for Mw=3.0 for Kanchanaburi region. The analysis of G-R relationship yields a-value of 5.15 and b-value of 0.86. Adeterministic seismic hazard analysis of the TPFZ and SSFZ suggests that the characteristic earthquakes magnitudes of theTPFZ and the SSFZ are 7.3 and 7.0, respectively, with a maximum PGA of 0.31 and 0.28 g at the faults lines for the earthquakeoccurring at 15 km depth.
Image Structure of Large Dams in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, Using Surface GPR Reflection Techniques
S. Yooyuanyong,W. Sripanya
Science Journal Ubon Ratchathani University , 2010,
Abstract: Nowadays, earthquakes often take place around the world. The location of earthquakes actuallylocates close to the fault. There are two large faults locate in Kanchanaburi, Western of Thailand. Thesafety and operability of the large damp depends on the quality of material used to construct the bodyof the dam as well as to the earthquakes and fault in that area. It is known that the dam suffers frommany different structural problems which can lead to damage to the body of dam, for instant;earthquakes, fault, the weight of car while it run on the pavement of the dam, the weight of dam andthe weight of the water in the dam. Many forms of damage, originating in the bottom layers areinvisible until the pavement or the body of the dam cracks. They depend on the infiltration of waterand the presence of cohesive soil greatly reduces the bearing capacity of the cement or sub asphaltlayers and underlying soils or rock. On the basis of an in-depth literature review, an experimentalsurvey with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) was carried out. The experiments were set on apavement on the top of the dam. GRP travel time data were used to transmit and receive theelectromagnetic field and given the image of the medium into 2-dimensional cross section. The imagefigure results of sounding from Khaoleam Dam and Srinakarin Dam in Kanchanaburi provinceshowed that there was no damage in the structure of dam. It means that, up to now, Si Sawat Fault andThree Pagoda Fault do not take effect to the body of both dams.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Vaharai, Batticaloa, Sri Lanka  [PDF]
M. Thirukumar
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OJOG) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2018.811098
Abstract: The outcomes of pregnancy differ significantly between developing and developed countries. The poor use of prenatal and maternal health services can contribute to this difference. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among all the pregnant mothers who attend to routine antenatal clinic for booking visit in medical officer health (MOH) clinics at Vaharai MOH area for a period of one year. This study was aimed to identify the live birth rate and low birth weight incidence in the studied population and compare these figures with national figure. Results: This study included 695 pregnant mothers. 70.4% pregnant mothers attend their first antenatal booking visit before 8 weeks of gestational age. 611 pregnant mothers reached gestational age of more than 28 weeks. 13.7% pregnant mothers had 4 - 6 antenatal visits while 83.6% mothers had more than 7 visits. Among those who had body mass index (BMI) measurement, 39.6% mothers had normal BMI and 43.6% pregnant mothers had low BMI, 16.8% mothers had BMI above the normal range. Among those 611 mothers, 56.8% had adequate weight gain (>7.5 kg) during their antenatal period, 3 of them had weight reduction and 11 mothers had not gain weight during their antenatal period. Majority 85.6% were not anaemic and 14.4% were anaemic. Regarding the current pregnancy outcome, 86.9% had live birth, 12.1% mothers had miscarriage, 0.9% (6) had intra uterine death (IUD) and 0.1% (1) had Hydatidiform mole. This study further showed that 22% of the pregnant mothers had their new-borns birth weight less than 2.5 kg at birth irrespective of their gestational age (low-birth weight babies). Conclusion:
Are consultants in Colombo, Sri Lanka satisfied with their job?  [PDF]
S. Cooray, K. Wijewardene, A. Dawson
Health (Health) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.410140
Abstract: Introduction: Job stress and job satisfaction play a key role in the work environment of an organization. These influence the behaviour of a doctor towards his or her co-workers, administration and, most importantly towards the patients. Objective: To assess job stress among consultants working in Colombo group of hospitals and to identify the factors that affect job satisfaction. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted by using postal questionnaire on 262 consultants working in Colombo group of hospitals. Hospital consultants job stress and job satisfaction questionnaire developed by Amanda Ramirez et al. was used with their permission. Results: Of the 262 questionnaires mailed 171 were returned. Of total responded 84.6% reported extremely satisfied or satisfied with their work. Nearly 92% agreed intellectual stimulation by teaching contributed to their job satisfaction. Nearly 80% reported having a high level of responsibility, being perceived to do the job well by the colleagues, being able to bring about positive changes to the unit, having a high level of autonomy contributed to their job satisfaction. Poor administration and lack of facilities e.g. computers, filing procedures caused job stress in 73%. Threat of being sued for malpractice or having to deal with distressed relatives did not contribute to stress in nearly 80%. Conclusion: In Sri Lanka nearly 85% consultants reported they were satisfied with their job and teaching medical undergraduates and post graduates was one of the major contributory factors. However 73% indicated factors such as lack of resources, and poor administration cause stress at work. Providing computers and basic stationery for patient documentation and efficient and effective administration will improve the work output of consultants by reducing their stress levels.
Clinical Profile of Stroke-Study Conducted in the Batticaloa Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka  [PDF]
Maheswaran Umakanth
Journal of Biosciences and Medicines (JBM) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/jbm.2018.66001
Abstract: Stroke as a disease entity has significantly increased the morbidity, incapacity, and mortality in Sri Lanka. In the west, it is the 3rd most common cause of death. In addition to that, it is a disturbing and restricting cerebrovascular disease with a substantial amount of remaining shortage leading on to emotional and financial burden on the family and society. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted at Teaching Hospital Batticaloa, Sri Lanka from July 1, 2016, to October 31, 2016. During the study period, data were collected from the medical records. Out of 34 patients, 21 (61.8%) were males and 13 (38.2%) were females. The male to female ratio was 1.6:1. Out of 34 patients, 17 (50%) were affected in the left side and 17 (50%) were affected on the right side. The most common risk factor was hypertension with 79.4%, and next to that diabetes mellitus (41.2%), smoking (23.5%), alcohol (20.6%), past history of Stroke (17.6%) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (14.7%). Stroke due to infarction is more common than haemorrhage. In this study, both right and left sides were affected equally. In order to prevent this devastating stroke, acknowledgment of risk factors for stroke is prime importance for the healthcare workers as well as public.
Sustainable Alternative Wetland Management Strategy for Kalu Oya and Mudun Ela Basins of Sri Lanka  [PDF]
Nishan P. Sakalasooriya
Open Journal of Social Sciences (JSS) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2021.92035
Abstract: As a tropical island, Sri Lanka has highly diversified wetlands. Even though, the wetlands in the Western Province of Sri Lanka are highly rich in biodiversity, they are endangered due to the human development processes. Consequently, the sustainability of the wetlands and the economic and social life of the settlers who settle near and in the wetlands are significantly destructed. Due to the population growth and the rapid infrastructure development, the wetlands have been shrunken. Many land hungers have been emerged during the process of the city development and Megapolis. In this dichotomy, creating a policy framework on the wetlands is vital. There are two major objectives of the study, first, to describe the current impacts of socio-economic activities to the wetlands; second, to propose sustainable alternatives for preparation of the wetland management strategy for Kalu Oya and Mudun Ela Basins which are in the southwestern part of Gampaha District in Sri Lanka. The used strategies of the survey are fivefold: case studies of each sub catchment, measuring land use changes using secondary data and verified by the field visits, questionnaire survey for primary quantitative data, field observations, and focused group discussions for qualitative data. Even though, they are the two basins of the Kelani River which is 145 km long being the fourth longest river in Sri Lanka which
Economic Role of Women in Sri Lanka: A Historical Perspective  [PDF]
A. M. Malani Chandrika
Advances in Historical Studies (AHS) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/ahs.2021.103012
Abstract: The economy is a social science and, as such, should take into account the practices of all components of the society, of men as well as women. Therefore, it can be identified that a significant relationship between women and the economy in history should be investigated broadly. Considering the economic history of ancient Sri Lanka, women’s labour commitment depended on both the social necessities and the nature of the agro-economic system. It can be argued that women in ancient times have made a considerable contribution not only to household needs but also to agricultural activities. However, their economic role has not been taken into account in relation to the country’s economy due to patriarchal ideology and the history of the country which was built under the dominance of males in South Asian societies. The major objective of this study is to examine how women contribute to the country’s economy and investigate how women’s labour role can be recognized in the society in Sri Lanka. According to the periodization of Sri Lankan history, the ancient and medieval periods are covered through the study due to time limitation. The study was based on primary and secondary data gathered from literature surveys directly related to the issues addressed in this study. The issues of women’s economic situation have been discussed by feminist historians within the feminist theoretical approach, and they have developed a broader discussion regarding the economic involvement of women in the context of patriarchal society in South Asian countries. Accordingly, as a theoretical perspective in this paper feminist theoretical approach is used within the context of feminist historiography. The study revealed the factors regarding women’s economic role with special attention to the various fields that women’s involvement as workers in the selected period. According to the literary and archaeological sources, it can be emphasized that women have functioned in various fields, including activities related to the agricultural economy, internal trade affairs, animal husbandry, various other industries, and teaching. Women’s labour role and direct involvement in the economic sector increased with socio-economic changes that took place in the country from time to time. Furthermore, it can be recognized that women’s role in economic standing directly affected women to increase their social development.
Estimation of Displacement and Extension due to Reverse Drag of Normal Faults: Forward Method  [PDF]
Shunshan Xu, Angel Francisco Nieto-Samaniego, Huilong Xu, Susana Alicia Alaniz-álvarez
International Journal of Geosciences (IJG) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2024.151003
Abstract: In the case of reverse drag of normal faulting, the displacement and horizontal extension are determined based on the established equations for the three mechanisms: rigid body, vertical shear and inclined shear. There are three sub-cases of basal detachment for the rigid body model: horizontal detachment, antithetic detachment and synthetic detachment. For the rigid body model, the established equations indicate that the total displacement on the synthetic base (Dt2) is the largest, that on the horizontal base (Dt1) is moderate, and that on the antithetic base (Dt3) is the smallest. On the other hand, the value of (Dt1) is larger than the displacement for the vertical shear (Dt4). The value of (Dt1) is larger than or less than the displacement for the inclined shear (Dt5) depending on the original fault dip δ0, bedding angle θ, and the angle of shear direction β.
Diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Sri Lankan patients with schizophrenia
Raveen Hanwella,Varuni de Silva
Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry , 2010,
Abstract: Background: Type 2 diabetes is commoner among South Asians than Europeans. The few studies of South Asian patients with schizophrenia have found increased prevalence of diabetes. Aims: To determine prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose among patients with schizophrenia presenting to an acute psychiatry unit. Methods: The sample consisted of all patients with ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia admitted to an acute psychiatry unit during one year. Data was obtained by retrospective review of patients’ records. Diabetes was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association criteria when fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was ≥ 7.0 mmol/l. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was diagnosed when FPG was ≥5.6 mmol/l but <7.0 mmol/l. Results: Of the 164 patient records reviewed 104 (63.4%) had a recorded FPG level. There was no significant difference in age, gender and treatment between patients tested and not tested. Of the sample 28 (26.9%) were antipsychotic naive and 76 (73.1) had been treated previously. Mean age of the sample was 35.1 years (SD 12.7). Diabetes was diagnosed in 15 patients. Overall prevalence was 14.4% (females 11.4%, males 16.7%). Prevalence of IFG was 26%. Diabetes rates were highest (26.9%) among 30-39 year age group and IFG rates were highest (54.5%) among 50-59 year age group. Conclusions: Prevalence of diabetes and IFG is higher compared to the general population of Sri Lanka (10.3% and 11.5%) but similar to that of Caucasian patients with schizophrenia. Due to the high risk of dysglycaemia FPG should be done in all patients with schizophrenia.
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