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A Hemispheric View on the Solar Induced Temperature of the Earth  [PDF]
Ulrich O. Weber
Atmospheric and Climate Sciences (ACS) , 2026, DOI: 10.4236/acs.2026.162023
Abstract: From the first computer-based climate models to the latest general circulation models, hardware and software development have made incredible strides. However, the underlying physical principles of solar irradiation still date back to the analog era, and the initial simplifications of the underlying physical knowledge have not been sufficiently refined. The sun’s role is still reduced to its global average value over day and night, and furthermore, the geographical differences between the tropics and the poles continue to be neglected. Modern computer systems no longer require such simplifications. From the perspective of applied physics, it would be advantageous to begin climate calculations for the Earth today directly with the incident solar radiation on its dayside. This work demonstrates that a hemispherical consideration of incident solar irradiation, incorporating time of day, individual geographic location, and season, could significantly improve the scientific view on the role of the Sun more effective than miniaturizing the computational cells in digital climate models further.
The Coal’s Layer Temperature Regime under Conditions of Heat Removal of Absorbed Microwave Energy by Radiation and Convection Simultaneously  [PDF]
V. A. Karelin, Vl. V. Salomatov, Vas. V. Salomatov
Journal of Computer and Communications (JCC) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/jcc.2018.61023
Abstract:
Coal is one of the most popular sources of energy. However, it has a relatively low energy efficiency due to high humidity and a greater release of harmful substances during combustion. On the other hand, the coal reserve on earth is estimated at 500 years and the cost is relatively low. This causes the search for new ways of processing coal. One way to efficiently process coal, while reducing the humidity and content of harmful components is microwave treatment. The basic information for microwave exposure to coal is the temperature field. In this paper, an approximate-analytically nonlinear mathematical model for heating a flat coal mass is studied, provided that the absorbed microwave energy is removing by heat radiation and convection simultaneously.
How to Predict the Temperature of the CMB Directly Using the Hubble Parameter and the Planck Scale Using the Stefan-Boltzmann Law  [PDF]
Espen Gaarder Haug, Stéphane Wojnow
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics (JAMP) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2024.1210211
Abstract: Based on recent progress in quantum gravity and quantum cosmology, we are also presenting a way to estimate the temperature in the cosmos, the Hubble sphere, from a relation between the Planck temperature and the Hubble scale. Our analysis predicts the Hubble sphere temperature of 2.72 K with the one standard deviation confidence interval between 2.65 K and 2.80 K, which corresponds well with the measured temperature observed from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) of about 2.72 K. This adds evidence that there is a close connection between the Planck scale, gravity, and the cosmological scales as anticipated by Eddington already in 1918.1
Are Black Holes 4-D Spatial Balls Filled with Black Body Radiation? Generalization of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law and Young-Laplace Relation for Spatial Radiative Transfers  [PDF]
Christopher Pilot
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology (JHEPGC) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2019.53036
Abstract: This is the first paper in a two part series on black holes. In this work, we concern ourselves with the event horizon. A second follow-up paper will deal with its internal structure. We hypothesize that black holes are 4-dimensional spatial, steady state, self-contained spheres filled with black-body radiation. As such, the event horizon marks the boundary between two adjacent spaces, 4-D and 3-D, and there, we consider the radiative transfers involving black- body photons. We generalize the Stefan-Boltzmann law assuming that photons can transition between different dimensional spaces, and we can show how for a 3-D/4-D interface, one can only have zero, or net positive, transfer of radiative energy into the black hole. We find that we can predict the temperature just inside the event horizon, on the 4-D side, given the mass, or radius, of the black hole. For an isolated black hole with no radiative heat inflow, we will assume that the temperature, on the outside, is the CMB temperature, T2 = 2.725 K. We take into account the full complement of radiative energy, which for a black body will consist of internal energy density, radiative pressure, and entropy density. It is specifically the entropy density which is responsible for the heat flowing in. We also generalize the Young- Laplace equation for a 4-D/3-D interface. We derive an expression for the surface tension, and prove that it is necessarily positive, and finite, for a 4-D/3-D membrane. This is important as it will lead to an inherently positively curved object, which a black hole is. With this surface tension, we can determine the work needed to expand the black hole. We give two formulations, one involving the surface tension directly, and the other involving the coefficient of surface tension. Because two surfaces are expanding, the 4-D and the 3-D surfaces, there are two radiative contributions to the work done, one positive, which assists expansion. The other is negative, which will resist an increase in volume. The 4-D side promotes expansion whereas the 3-D side hinders it. At the surface itself, we also have gravity, which is the major contribution to the finite surface tension in almost all situations, which we calculate in the second paper. The surface tension depends not only on the size, or mass, of the black hole, but also on the outside surface temperature, quantities which are accessible observationally. Outside surface temperature will also determine inflow. Finally, we develop a “waterfall model” for a black hole, based on what happens at the
New Fundamental Light Particle and Breakdown of Stefan-Boltzmann's Law
Minasyan V.,Samoilov V.
Progress in Physics , 2011,
Abstract: Recently, we predicted the existence of fundamental particles in Nature, neutral Light Particles with spin 1 and rest mass m = 1.8 x 10^{-4} m_e, in addition to electrons, neutrons and protons. We call these particles Light Bosons because they create electromagnetic field which represents Planck's gas of massless photons together with a gas of Light Particles in the condensate. Such reasoning leads to a breakdown of Stefan-Boltzmann's law at low temperature. On the other hand, the existence of new fundamental neutral Light Particles leads to correction of such physical concepts as Bose-Einstein condensation of photons, polaritons and exciton polaritons.
The Origin of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation  [PDF]
Zhenglong Xu
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2023, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2023.144030
Abstract: This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that the CMBR originates from the superposition of light radiated by stars in the whole universe, not the relic of the Big Bang. The dark-night sky and CMBR are all caused by Hubble redshift—the physical mechanism is the quantum redshift of the photon rather than cosmic expansion. So this theory supports the infinite and steady cosmology.
A Finite-Time Thermal Cycle Variational Optimization with a Stefan–Boltzmann Law for Three Different Criteria
Juan C. Chimal-Eguía,Norma Sánchez-Salas,Marco A. Barranco-Jiménez
Entropy , 2012, DOI: 10.3390/e14122611
Abstract: This work shows the power of the variational approach for studying the efficiency of thermal engines in the context of the Finite Time Thermodynamics (FTT). Using an endoreversible Curzon–Ahlborn (CA) heat engine as a model for actual thermal engines, three different criteria for thermal efficiency were analyzed: maximum power output, ecological function, and maximum power density. By means of this procedure, the performance of the CA heat engine with a nonlinear heat transfer law (the Stefan–Boltzmann law) was studied to describe the heat exchanges between the working substance and its thermal reservoirs. The specific case of the Müser engine for all the criteria was analyzed. The results confirmed some previous findings using other procedures and additionally new results for the Müser engine performance were obtained.
Applying the Stefan-Boltzmann Law to a Cosmological Model (a Brief Note)  [PDF]
Eugene Terry Tatum
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2024.1511076
Abstract: This brief note brings the reader up-to-date with the recent successes of the new Haug-Tatum cosmology model. In particular, the significance of recent proof that the Stefan-Boltzmann law applies to such a model is emphasized and a rationale for this is given. Remarkably, the proposed solutions of this model have incorporated all 580 supernova redshifts in the Union2 database. Therefore, one can usefully apply this thermodynamic law in the form of a continually expanding black-body universe model. To our knowledge, no other cosmological model has achieved such high-precision observational correlation.
Instantaneous radiation energy flux of the scalar field in arbitrarily accelerating black hole with electric charge and magnetic charge
带有电荷、磁荷的一类任意加速黑洞的瞬时辐射能通量
Meng Qing-Miao,Jiang Ji-Jian,Li Chuan-An,
孟庆苗,蒋继建,李传安
物理学报 , 2010,
Abstract: Using entropy density of scalar field near event horizon in an arbitrarily accelerating black hole with electric charge and magnetic charge,we study the law for the thermal radiation of black hole and the instantaneous radiation energy flux is obtained. It is found that the thermal radiation of a black hole always satisfies the generalized Stefan-Boltzmann's law. The proportional coefficient of generalized Stefan-Boltzmann is no longer a constant,and it becomes a dynamic coefficient that is related to the p...
Generalized Stenfan-Boltzmann law of the Dirac field of Barriola-Vilenkin black hole
Barriola-Vilenkin黑洞Dirac场的广义Stefan-Boltzmann定律
Meng Qing-Miao,Li Zhong-Rang,Li Yu-Shan,
孟庆苗,李中让,李玉山
物理学报 , 2010,
Abstract: Using the thin film model of black hole, the thermal radiation laws of the Barriola-Vilenkin black hole are studied. We obtained the result that the thermal radiation of the black hole always satisfies the generalized Stenfan-Boltzmann law. The derived generalized Stenfan-Boltzmann coefficient is no longer a constant. When the cut-off distance and the thin film thickness are both fixed, it is a proportional coefficient related to the space-time metric near the event horizon and the average radial effusion velocity of the radiation particles in the thin film. The radiation energy flux of the Dirac field of the Barriola-Vilenkin black hole is proportional to the average radial effusion velocity of the radiation particles in the thin film, and inversely proportional to the square of the black hole mass.
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