From the first computer-based climate models to the latest general circulation models, hardware and software development have made incredible strides. However, the underlying physical principles of solar irradiation still date back to the analog era, and the initial simplifications of the underlying physical knowledge have not been sufficiently refined. The sun’s role is still reduced to its global average value over day and night, and furthermore, the geographical differences between the tropics and the poles continue to be neglected. Modern computer systems no longer require such simplifications. From the perspective of applied physics, it would be advantageous to begin climate calculations for the Earth today directly with the incident solar radiation on its dayside. This work demonstrates that a hemispherical consideration of incident solar irradiation, incorporating time of day, individual geographic location, and season, could significantly improve the scientific view on the role of the Sun more effective than miniaturizing the computational cells in digital climate models further.
References
[1]
IPCC (2023) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896
[2]
Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S.A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, R., et al. (2013) Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature. Environmental Research Letters, 8, Article 024024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024
[3]
Trenberth, K.E., Fasullo, J.T. and Kiehl, J. (2009) Earth’s Global Energy Budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, 311-324. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008bams2634.1
[4]
Gerlich, G. and Tscheuschner, R.D. (2009) Falsification of the Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse EFFECTS within the FRAME of Physics. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 23, 275-364. https://doi.org/10.1142/s021797920904984x
[5]
Jeevanjee, N. (2023) Climate Sensitivity from Radiative-Convective Equilibrium: A Chalkboard Approach. American Journal of Physics, 91, 731-745. https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0135727
[6]
Wild, M. (2005) Solar Radiation Budgets in Atmospheric Model Intercomparisons from a Surface Perspective. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L07704. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl022421
[7]
Kramm, G. and Mölders, N. (2025) On the Insolation at the Top of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Its Variation under Smooth Changes of Astronomical Elements during the Past Four Centuries. Natural Science, 17, 72-123. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2025.176009
[8]
von Storch, H., Güss, S. and Heimann, M. (1999) Das Klimasystem und seine Modellierung-eine Einführung. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, p. 83.
[9]
Schwartz, S.E. (2018) The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change. ESS Open Archive. https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.81ea1b43594141c6.558e238c20a84445.1
[10]
Niklaus, K. (2026) Physik der Atmosphäre vom Herbstsemester 2007 am Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) der Uni Bern. https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/6234709/physik-der-atmosphare-iap-microwave-physics
[11]
Williams, J.P., Paige, D.A., Greenhagen, B.T. and Sefton-Nash, E. (2017) The Global Surface Temperatures of the Moon as Measured by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment. Icarus, 283, 300-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.08.012
[12]
Kramm, G. and Dlugi, R. (2011) Scrutinizing the Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect and Its Climatic Impact. Natural Science, 3, 971-998. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2011.312124
[13]
Ott, M. (2021) Dismantling the CO2-Hoax. pp. 51-52. https://tomn.substack.com/p/dismantling-the-co2-hoax
[14]
Milanković, M. (1941) Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem. Éditions Speciales, Académie Royale Serbe, p. 436.
[15]
Climate Change Institute at the University of Maine (2025) Daily Sea Surface Temperature 1981-2025 from NOAA Optimum Interpolation SST (OISST) Internet. https://climatereanalyzer.org/clim/sst_daily/?dm_id=world2
[16]
Häckel, H. (1993) Meteorologie. Verlag Eugen Ulmer UTB.
[17]
World Meteorological Organization and WMO Climatological Normals (2015) Averages of Climatological Data Computed for the Following Consecutive Periods of 30 years, Internet. https://community.wmo.int/en/activity-areas/climate-services/climate-products-and-initiatives/wmo-climatological-normals
[18]
Arrhenius, S. (1906) Die vermutliche Ursache der Klimaschwankungen. Nobelinstitut Band I, No. 2, p. 4.
[19]
NASA (2022) NASA Planetary Fact Sheet. https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/2023/09/s/Solar_System_Thermometer-02152022-1.jpg
[20]
Kramm, G., Dlugi, R., Berger, M. and Mölders, N. (2020) Meridional Distributions of Historical Zonal Averages and Their Use to Quantify the Global and Spheroidal Mean Near-Surface Temperature of the Terrestrial Atmosphere. Natural Science, 12, 80-124. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2020.123012
[21]
ABB Analytical Measurement (Manufacturer) (2013) Installation and User Guide (AERI and E-AERI Systems). Document Number: AA004389-01 Rev D.
[22]
Taylor, J.K., Revercomb, H., Fred Best, P., et al. (2025) The Scanning High-Resolution Interferometer Sounder (S-HIS), A White Paper Submitted to the ARM Aerial Instrumentation Workshop White Paper Call. https://www.ssec.wisc.edu/~dennyh/uw_ssec_anl_cels_workshop/WhitePaperAAF_2020_SHIS_submitted.pdf
Jousten, K. (2017) Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Nationales Deutsches Metrologieinstitut), Presentation “Vacuum Gauges I” at the CERN Accelerator School June 6-15, 2017. https://indico.cern.ch/event/565314/contributions/2285744/attachments/1470253/2283712/CAS_Gauges_1_Jousten_v2.pdf
[25]
Pfeiffer Vacuum (2025) (Manufacturer) Betriebsanleitung (Manual) for the Compact Pirani Gauge TPR 270. Document PT0567BDE, pp. 21-22.
[26]
NOAA (1976) U.S. Standard Atmosphere, Item NOAA-S/T 76-1562, US Government Printing Office, Stock No. 003-017-00323-0: p. 25. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19770009539/downloads/19770009539.pdf
[27]
Agerius, A. (2021) Kritische Analyse zur globalen Klimatheorie. Tredition, p. 123.
[28]
NASA (2021) Earth Atmosphere Model. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/atmosmet.html
[29]
Weber, U. (2016) A Short Note about the Natural Greenhouse Effect, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft (ISSN 0934-6554) 3/2016: 19-22. https://dgg-online.de/WordPress_01/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/DGG-3-16web1.pdf
[30]
Water Science School (2019) U.S. Geological Survey: How Much Water is There on Earth? https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
