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Competition Policy under Economic Recessions: Historical Changes and Implications  [PDF]
Pinguang Ying
Modern Economy (ME) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/me.2013.43A026
Abstract:

Before the current financial crisis, economic recessions in history were always accompanied by relaxation or abandon of competition policy. However, in the current financial crisis, although different jurisdictions have different practices, most jurisdictions have kept the bottom line of competition policy enforcement. Such historical transformation roots in deep reflections on historical failures and the popularization of competition policy as well as the strengthening of the competition authorities. Chinais one of the few countries still weakening competition policy enforcement during the current financial crisis. In fact, there are several mechanisms contained in competition laws and policies, such as the exemption of cartels, the defense of business concentrations and the coordination between competition authorities and sector regulators, which provide some space of flexible competition policy enforcement during economic recessions. Considering China’s short history of competition policy enforcement and consistent tradition of government intervention in economy, it is strongly advised to hold on the bottom line of competition policy and pay more attention to government-led anti-competitive conducts during economic recessions.

Crystal structure of a Zn complex with tereph-thalate and 1,6-bis-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexa-ne
Andrei S. Potapov,Evgeny Yu. Semitut,Taisiya S. Sukhikh
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017017224
Abstract:
TOPICAL REVIEW: Chemistry and application of flexible porous coordination polymers
Sareeya Bureekaew, Satoru Shimomura and Susumu Kitagawa
Science and Technology of Advanced Materials , 2008,
Abstract: Porous coordination polymers (PCPs), which are microporous materials, have been given much attention from both scientific and commercial aspects regarding their application to gas storage, gas separation and catalytic reaction because of the regularity of their pore shape and pore size, accompanied with the functionality. Moreover, in recent years, flexible PCPs, which are structurally transformable depending upon external stimuli, have been attractive because they provide unique properties, dissimilar to those of zeolites. In this review, the chemistry and application of flexible crystalline PCPs are summarized and discussed.
多工艺协同的废钢加工装备柔性化集成方法研究
Research on Flexible Integration Methods of Scrap Steel Processing Equipment under Multi-Process Synergy
 [PDF]

齐菊香
Metallurgical Engineering (MEng) , 2025, DOI: 10.12677/meng.2025.124026
Abstract: 随着钢铁工业向绿色化、高质量方向转型,废钢加工正呈现出多品类、精细化与用途适配型的发展趋势,传统加工模式因其路径刚性与设备配置单一已难以满足高端钢厂对废钢纯净度、一致性和适配性的需求。本文聚焦废钢加工系统中多工艺协同与装备柔性配置问题,提出一种面向物料差异、工艺路径与装备能力耦合的柔性化集成方法。研究构建了模块化加工系统架构,设计了工艺路径智能匹配模型与加工流程动态调控机制,并在典型企业场景中进行了实践验证。结果表明,该体系在路径切换效率、加工纯净度、设备利用率与产能扩展方面具有显著优势,有效支撑了从“资源回收”向“可控原料”转变的行业升级需求。研究不仅填补了废钢加工系统柔性集成层面的理论空白,也为行业实现标准化、智能化与绿色化提供了方法路径与工程样本。
With the transformation of iron and steel industry to green and high quality, scrap processing is showing the development trend of multi-category, refinement and adaptability. The traditional processing mode has been difficult to meet the needs of high-end steel mills for purity, consistency and adaptability of scrap because of its rigid path and single equipment configuration. Focusing on the problem of multi-process coordination and flexible configuration of equipment in scrap processing system, this paper puts forward a flexible integration method for material difference and coupling of process path and equipment capacity. The modular machining system architecture is studied and constructed, and the intelligent matching model of process path and the dynamic control mechanism of machining process are designed, which are verified by practice in typical enterprise scenarios. The results show that the system has obvious advantages in path switching efficiency, processing purity, equipment utilization rate and capacity expansion, and effectively supports the industry upgrading demand from “resource recovery” to “controllable raw materials”. The research not only fills the theoretical blank of flexible integration of scrap processing system, but also provides a method path and engineering samples for the industry to achieve standardization, intelligence and greening.
External pressure in the hardening of phosphate in tribofilm on iron surfaces
Z. Pawlak,P.K.D.V. Yarlagadda,D. Hargreaves,R. Frost
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering , 2009,
Abstract: Purpose: In the present work we consider our (in progress) spectroscopy study of zinc and iron phosphates under the influence external high pressure to determine zinc ion change coordination from tetrahedral to octahedral (or hexahedral) structure.Design/methodology/approach: The standard equipment is the optical high pressure cell with diamond (DAC). The DAC is assembled and then vibrational or electronic spectra are collected by mounting the cell in an infrared, Raman, EXAFS or UV-visible spectrometer.Findings: Mechanism by which zinc and iron methaphosphate material is transformed to glassy meta-phosphate is enhancing mechanical properties of tribofilm. The two decades of intensive study demonstrates that Zn (II) and Fe (III) ions participate to cross-link network under friction, hardening the phosphate.Research limitations/implications: Transition metal atoms with d orbital have flexible coordination numbers, for example zinc acts as a cross-linking agent increasing hardness, by changing coordination from tetrahedral to octahedral. Perhaps the external pressure effect on the [Zn–(O-P-)4 ] complex causes a transformation to an [Zn –(O-P-)6] grouping.Originality/value: This paper analyses high-pressure spectroscopy which has been applied for the investigation of 3D transition metal ions in solids. When studying pressure effects on coordination compounds structure, we can expect changes in ground electronic state (spin-crossovers), electronic spectra due to structural distortions (piezochromism), and changes in the ligand field causing shifts in the electronic transitions.
Positioning method and assembly precision for aircraft wing skin
Binbin Wang,Feiyan Guo,Xining Li,Yonggang Kang,Zhengping Chang,Zhongqi Wang
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/0954405416640168
Abstract: To an aircraft, the accuracy of aerodynamic configuration has a direct influence on flight performance. To improve the assembly accuracy of aircraft wing components, two kinds of positioning method and the corresponding assembly precision are studied, and a low-cost flexible assembly tooling system for different wing components is proposed. First, the article analyzes the technological characteristics of airplane wing skin and determines the assembly requirement. Second, positioning method based on contour boards and coordination holes and their assembly precision are researched. Third, to verify the positioning method and the algorithm of assembly precision calculation based on coordination holes, a locating unit with three motion axes is designed and manufactured. Fourth, experimental verification is done and the corresponding results are analyzed. Experiment results showed the assembly precision based on coordination holes has an improvement of 24% contrasting with the precision based on contour boards, and the assembly productivity is increased by 60%. The flexible assembly tooling system also has a demonstration effect for other flexible assembly tooling within the aerospace industry
A Simple Numerical Example Illustrating Flexible versus Inflexible Manufacturing Systems  [PDF]
Gerald Aranoff
Modern Economy (ME) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/me.2018.91015
Abstract: Flexible manufacturing system is a wonderful development in manufacturing technology that permits a modern factory to switch easily to making different products. I present a simple numerical example to illustrate flexible manufacturing system (K) and inflexible manufacturing system (L). K can produce product 1 or product 2 with the same machinery and with zero setup costs in changing output from product 1 to 2 or from product 2 to 1. L can produce only one product, product 2. I assume large numbers of producers and buyers of products 1 and 2, open market systems, each acting to his/her interest to secure profits and consumer welfare with minimal government interference/ regulation. I assume both K and L have linear total costs with absolute capacity limits. If prices are above SRMC then plants produce at capacity. Producers are price takers only. If price equals or below SRMC plants shutdown. I assume demand for products 1 and 2 are random and alternate, meaning never at the same. I assume ease of entry/exit of producers. Long-run equilibrium requires zero expected profits for all producers.
Study on Graphene Based Next Generation Flexible Photodetector for Optical Communication  [PDF]
Kanishka Majumder, Devesh Barshilia, Subimal Majee
Graphene (Graphene) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/graphene.2018.72002
Abstract:
We report on the efficient photodetection (PD) properties of graphene based p-i-n photodetector, where all the three layers are either single or multilayer graphene sheets. We report the bandwidth and responsivity performance of the device. This simple structure paves the way for the next generation flexible wireless communication systems. A theoretical model is used to study the carrier distribution and current in a graphene based p-i-n photodetector system.
Manufacturing and Production Economics Numerical Model Old Non-FMS versus Modern FMS Plants  [PDF]
Gerald Aranoff
Modern Economy (ME) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/me.2019.1012150
Abstract: Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is a modern innovation in manufacturing technology that allows a factory to switch at no cost between manufacturing different products. This paper presents a simple numerical model of manufacturing and production economics with illustrated demand and cost curves. The model shows industry long-run equilibrium (E(Π)=0) for manufacturing and production to supply hypothetical demand schedules for two products: 1 and 2. The model has two plant types: old non-FMS Plant2L that can produce only product 2 and modern FMS PlantK that can switch easily between manufacturing products 1 and 2. The model assumes linear total cost curves with absolute capacity limits for the two plant types.
Color Coordination as a Powerful Design Tool  [PDF]
Ariana Gjoni
Art and Design Review (ADR) , 2022, DOI: 10.4236/adr.2022.102016
Abstract: Color is one of the first elements to communicate the message behind a design. This study is about the design and color coordination of creating custom-er-centric products, and aims to understand the approach of Kosovo designers to color selection. Research has shown that color coordination is a key factor in design that affects the final effect of a product. The choice of color palette and color coordination is very important and should not be ignored, as color remains a powerful tool in design. Kosovo designers have shown also that se-lecting the color palette is a difficult process and references to color theory, schemes, and meaning of colors are very important for a better match of col-ors with the design. In-depth and authentic research is essential to a successful palette choice, so the design stands on a very strong and fulfilling point. These findings and the recommendations from this research are important for further success in the field of design, creative industry, architecture, business, entre-preneurship, teaching, etc.
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