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Effect of supervised nutrition in malnourished children in Western India
Vineeta Pande,Renuka Jadhav,Sharad Agarkhedkar,Devkinandan Karwa
International Journal of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , 2012,
Abstract: Acute malnutrition or ‘wasting’ (thin individuals for the height), characterized by rapid weight loss, in its severe form can lead to death. This study was conducted to assess the effect of supervised nutrition and supplements on moderately and severely malnourished children from western India. One hundred and three malnourished children in the age group 6 months to 6 years were included in this study. At child day care center, for 30 days, in addition to 2 standard meals, 3 extra energy dense, protein rich meals and food supplements were provided under supervision. Weight gain was recorded at the end of 8, 15, 22 and 30 days. After 30 days, parents were counseled about providing children nutritious diet and supplementation of energy dense food at home. Follow up for weight gain at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Statistically significant gain in body weights (t value and p value<0.0001) were noted post administration of nutritional and therapeutic supplements for 8, 15, 22, and 30 days. Mean weight significantly increased after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. In malnourished children supervised nutritional and supplementation therapy improves the nutritional status.
Portion Size of Energy-Dense Foods among French and UK Adults by BMI Status
Holly L. Rippin,Janet E. Cade,Jayne Hutchinson,Jo Jewell,Joao J. Breda
- , 2019, DOI: 10.3390/nu11010012
Abstract: Evidence links consumed food portion size (FPS) and excess weight via increased energy intake. Policies to regulate on-pack serving sizes may be needed; determining consumed FPS of popular energy-dense foods for normal weight and overweight or obese (OWOB) adults, as reported here, may provide evidence to assist this. Data were analysed from national cross-sectional surveys, the French étude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires2 2005–2007 (n = 2117), and UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2014 (n = 3413). The impact of body mass index (BMI) on FPS is also investigated, adjusting for age, sex and under-reporting. Effects of under-reporting on relationships between FPS and BMI; and BMI on consumption frequency (UK only) were explored. OWOB reported larger FPS than normal-weight individuals in many, but not all food subgroups; however, there were only two significant FPS differences. In adjusted analyses, French individuals consumed 1.0 g (99% CI 0.01–2.1 p = 0.01) greater FPS in cakes for 1 point difference in BMI. ‘Other cakes’ and ‘dark chocolate’ were also significantly positively associated with BMI. High-fat bar snacks, but no UK main food groups, were positively associated with BMI. There was limited evidence of links between FPS and BMI in UK and French national cross-sectional data, possibly due to data limitations such as under-reporting. Future work should explore this and relationships between consumed FPS and on-pack suggested serving sizes to provide evidence to assist obesity-prevention policies
Predictors of Dietary Energy Density among Preschool Aged Children
Karen J. Campbell,Kathleen E. Lacy,Miaobing Zheng,Nilmani N.T. Fernando,Sarah A. McNaughton
- , 2018, DOI: 10.3390/nu10020178
Abstract: Childhood obesity is a global problem with many contributing factors including dietary energy density (DED). This paper aims to investigate potential predictors of DED among preschool aged children in Victoria, Australia. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data for 209 mother–child pairs from the Melbourne Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial was conducted. Data for predictors (maternal child feeding and nutrition knowledge, maternal dietary intake, home food availability, socioeconomic status) were obtained through questionnaires completed by first-time mothers when children were aged 4 or 18 months. Three 24-h dietary recalls were completed when children were aged ~3.5 years. DED was calculated utilizing three methods: “food only”, “food and dairy beverages”, and “food and all beverages”. Linear regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between predictors and these three measures of children’s DED. Home availability of fruits (β: ？0.82; 95% CI: ？1.35, ？0.29, p = 0.002 for DEDfood; β: ？0.42; 95% CI: ？0.82, ？0.02, p = 0.041 for DEDfood+dairy beverages) and non-core snacks (β: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.20, p = 0.016 for DEDfood; β: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.15, p = 0.010 for DEDfood+dairy beverages) were significantly associated with two of the three DED measures. Providing fruit at home early in a child’s life may encourage the establishment of healthful eating behaviors that could promote a diet that is lower in energy density later in life. Home availability of non-core snacks is likely to increase the energy density of preschool children’s diets, supporting the proposition that non-core snack availability at home should be limited
Finite Temperature Asymmetric Nuclear Matter Using Pion Dressing  [PDF]
Saroj Kumar Sahu
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics (JAMP) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2015.310159
Abstract: We study the asymmetric nuclear matter in a nonperturvative manner at finite temperatures using thermofield dynamics method. The nucleon-meson interaction is taken to examine the binding energy (EB), pressure (P) for various proton fractions.
Sustainable Cities: Reconsidering China’s Urban Residential Policies  [PDF]
Ali Cheshmehzangi, Chris Butters
Current Urban Studies (CUS) , 2022, DOI: 10.4236/cus.2022.101008
Abstract: Rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries, means that the worldwide tradition of low-rise housing is giving way to living in urban apartments. This implies huge environmental and sociocultural changes. For sustainability, dense and high-rise cities offer some advantages, but negative aspects too, especially for residential areas and low-income groups. A widespread residential model, in China and elsewhere, is high-rise urban “superblocks”. However, equally high population densities can be achieved in several ways, including quite low-rise, with equal energy efficiency as well as other environmental and social qualities. Building on analyses of some urban blocks in Ningbo, China, we explore current trends and assess options for sustainable living in future urban residential areas. This paper delves into ten key points related to the overarching goals of sustainable and low carbon-cities. In particular, the arguments support low-dense urban design paradigms against high-rise urban superblocks. By exploring the case of Ningbo, China, we map some existing urban residential typologies and compounds. Through a comparative analysis, the study then focuses on key factors for reconsidering China’s urban residential policies, and towards sustainable city paradigms.
Cost and Calorie Analysis of Fast Food Consumption in College Students  [PDF]
Kimberly B. Heidal, Sarah E. Colby, Ginger T. Mirabella, Khalid S. Al-Numair, Brenda Bertrand, Kevin H. Gross
Food and Nutrition Sciences (FNS) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.37124
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to assess money spent and calories consumed by college students from fast food restaurants located on and around a southern college campus. A convenience sample (n = 152) of undergraduate college students (aged 18 - 24) at a southern university participated in a survey that measured dietary intake from seven local fast food chains using a researcher developed food frequency questionnaire and a lifestyle behavior survey that collected data on health practices. A strong positive correlation was found between total monthly fast food expense and total monthly fast food caloric consumption (r(150) = 0.94, p < 0.05), indicating a significant linear relationship between the two variables. An independent-samples t test comparing the mean monthly fast food restaurant expense males to females found a significant difference between the two groups (t(150) = 4.19, p < 0.05).The more money spent by college students contributed to a higher amount of calories consumed from fast food in a typical month. Future research needs to determine if college students are contributing to the high obesity rate and if limiting fast food restaurants on and around college campuses would help decrease fast food consumption in college students.
A Quantitative Assessment Framework for Water, Energy and Food Nexus  [PDF]
Ali Karnib
Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering (CWEEE) , 2017, DOI: 10.4236/cweee.2017.61002
Abstract: This paper presents a quantitative assessment framework of the Water, Energy and Food (W-E-F) nexus. The proposed approach allows integrated quantitative assessments by considering all the W-E-F intersectoral linkages and the competing demand for W-E-F resources to evaluate future development scenarios. Firstly, the conceptual model adopted for the proposed framework is presented. Secondly, a detailed methodological framework is introduced to serve as W-E-F nexus evaluation and planning platform. At the practical level, the model is applied to evaluate the W-E-F nexus in Lebanon. Finally, the conclusions and further developments are presented.
Impact of climate change on food security in times of high food and energy prices
T.THAMIZHVANAN,K.BALAGURU
Golden Research Thoughts , 2012, DOI: 10.9780/22315063
Abstract: Climatic changes are no longer a future event, but they are already happening in many places of the world, especially in the Mediterranean region. Extreme weather phenomena are observed almost every day. Climate change will affect the four dimensions of food security: availability, accessibility, food utilization and food system stability. It is evident that a new way of thinking is to be applied by all governments around the globe, a “Global Thinking”. Global cooperation is to be promoted with governments being realistic, so as to accept and adapt to the unavoidable coming alternations, due to the climatic changes. A useful tool has been developed from the scientific community in many countries: The Global Climate Models (GCM), that show a projection of climatic conditions on earth in the future. These models predict those countries that are to be negatively affected by the climatic changes and at the same time they show those countries that are going to be positively affected. Therefore, the old story of “”Losers” and “Winners” comes under the microscope. This shows the way humanity has to proceed in the future. Food security and poverty are to be faced by “Cooperation”. This paper is to examine in the both regions suffer from poverty, malnutrition, disease outbreaks and infrastructural insufficiencies .World Help Organizations must work more targeted and more effectively in removing these barriers and aim their policies in promoting cooperation between these regions of Losers and Winners.
Review on Quality Characteristics of Complementary Food and Look for Policy Gap in Case of Ethiopia
American Journal of Health Research , 2019,
Abstract: Malnutrition is the main factor for mortality and morbidity of children in developing countries. In Ethiopia 57% of death of children under 5 year of age are due to malnutrition. Inappropriate complementary feeding practices and it underlies more than one-third of child mortality in Ethiopia. Baby’s growth and development is dependent on the type and amount of nourishment gets. Breast milk and the quality of complementary food play important role in baby’s growth. When breast milk is no longer enough to meet the nutritional needs of the infant, complementary foods should be added to the diet of the child. The transition from exclusive breastfeeding to family foods, referred to as complementary feeding, during the period of complementary feeding, children are at high risk of under nutrition. Complementary foods are often of inadequate nutritional quality, or they are given too early or too late, in too small amounts, or not frequently enough. So consuming quality complementary foods should be given. The Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breast feed child, set standards for developing locally appropriate feeding recommendations. They provide guidance on desired feeding behaviors as well as on the amount, consistency, energy density and nutrient content of foods. For energy, 200, 300, and 550 kcal per day is expected to be covered by complementary foods at 6–8, 9–11, and 12–23 months, respectively In addition, the complementary foods must provide relatively large proportions of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and vitamin –A. Complementary feeding should be timely, meaning that all infants should start receiving foods in addition to breast milk from 6 months onwards. It should be adequate, meaning that the complementary foods should be given in amounts and consistency and using a variety of foods to cover the nutritional needs of the growing child while maintaining breastfeeding
Exogenous Urocortin 1 Alters the Respiratory Exchange Ratio after Administration into the Lateral Septum  [PDF]
Anna I. Fimmel, Lindsey M. Dono, Matthew N. Yee, Paul J. Currie
Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science (JBBS) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2014.42013
Abstract:

Previous reports have suggested that hypothalamic urocortin 1 (Ucn1) exerts inhibitory control on energy metabolism as direct paraventricular nucleus injections dose-dependently decrease the respiratory energy exchange ratio (RER). Other evidence indicates that Ucn1 injections into the lateral septum may alter metabolic function. Consequently, the present study was designed to further characterize the effects of lateral septal Ucn1 signaling on eating and energy metabolism of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Ucn1 was infused at the onset of the nocturnal cycle at doses of 10 - 100 pmol. In both females and males the peptide elicited a reliable suppression of food intake and significantly lowered RER over a 4 h postinjection period. The decrease in RER is consistent with enhanced lipid oxidation. Overall these findings suggest that, similar to the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral septum is a critical site of action in mediating the effects of Ucn1 on food intake and energy substrate utilization.

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