Physical, chemical, technological and sensory characteristics of Frankfurter type sausage containing okara flour

the addition of okara flour to an emulsified meat product (frankfurter type sausage) was evaluated based on the physical, chemical, technological, and sensory characteristics of the final product. okara, residue from soymilk production, was provided by two soymilk producing companies whose production systems were based on the hot disintegration of the decorticated (company b) or undecorticated (company a) soybeans. the okara was dehydrated using a flash dryer and then ground into flour (>420 μm). however, the okara flours a and b showed approximately the same amount of protein (35 and 40 g.100 g-1 dwb). however, the okara flour a presented higher values (p < 0.05) for all technological functional properties studied (emulsification capacity, emulsion stability, protein solubility, and water hold capacity) than those of okara flour b. the a and b okara flours were used in a frankfurter sausage formulation as substitution of 1.5% and 4% of meat. the results showed that the sausages containing okara flours a and b, as well as the control sausage, were accepted by the sensory panel. moreover, there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in the physical (color, objective texture, and emulsion stability) and chemical (ph and proximate composition) measurements of the sausages with and without the okara flour.