电子商务背景下数字化合同问题探究
Exploration of Digital Contract Issues in the Context of E-Commerce

《电子签名法》第13~14条与《民法典》第469条虽为数字化合同的法律效力奠定了基础，但技术实践与法律规范的脱节引发三重核心矛盾：其一，电子签名的跨境效力因技术标准差异与司法管辖冲突受到制约，例如欧盟“合格电子签名”与中国CA认证体系的互认困境；其二，未成年人订立电子合同的时间节点与效力认定存在法律空白，《民法典》与《电子商务法》对格式条款无效情形的规定矛盾导致司法裁量分歧；其三，电子合同签署过程中用户隐私泄漏风险凸显，部分平台因信息使用边界模糊与内部管理疏失侵犯个人隐私权。对此，对于电子签名法律效力应该进行保障机制的体系化构建、明确未成年人缔约“动态意思表示”的司法审查标准，以及通过“加密–匿名化–权限控制”技术协同与制度约束强化隐私保护。
Although Articles 13-14 of the Electronic Signature Law and Article 469 of the Civil Code lay the foundation for the legal validity of digital contracts, the disconnection between technical practices and legal norms triggers three core contradictions: first, the cross-border validity of electronic signatures is constrained by technical standard differences and judicial jurisdiction conflicts, such as the mutual recognition dilemma between the EU’s “qualified electronic signature” and China’s CA certification system; second, there are legal gaps in the determination of the time node and validity of electronic contracts concluded by minors, and the conflicting provisions of the Civil Code and the E-Commerce Law on the invalidity of standard clauses lead to judicial adjudication divergences; third, the risk of user privacy leakage in the signing process of electronic contracts has become prominent, as some platforms violate personal privacy due to vague information use boundaries and internal management oversights. In response, it is necessary to systematically construct a guarantee mechanism for the legal validity of electronic signatures, clarify the judicial review standards for minors’ “dynamic intention expressions” in contract conclusion, and strengthen privacy protection through the technical coordination and institutional constraints of “encryption-anonymization-permission control”.