Anaemia is a global public health problem that particularly affects pregnant women and children. Anaemia during pregnancy has harmful consequences for the health of both mother and foetus. However, little is known about the risk factors for targeted interventions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anaemia in pregnant women in the central region of Burkina Faso at the time of the malaria peak and the period of food availability. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 159 pregnant women attending for initial antenatal care between October and January 2022. Sociodemographic, obstetrical, nutritional and biological data were collected. Anaemia was defined as a haemoglobin concentration of less than 11 g/dl. The Chi-square test and bivariate analysis were used to identify factors associated with anaemia during pregnancy. The study revealed a prevalence of anaemia of around 60%. The majority of pregnant women suffered from moderate anaemia (51.06%) and mild anaemia (47.88%). The prevalence of malaria was 8.8%, with 71.43% of women being anaemic. With regard to nutritional status, 11.88% of women had a brachial circumference less than 230 mm and 52.2% had an acceptable dietary diversity score. The majority of women (91.67%) with inadequate nutritional status were anaemic. Anaemia was significantly associated with young age (OR = 3.337, 95% CI: 1.190 - 9.353, p = 0.017), low educational level (OR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.512 - 8.025, p = 0.003). It was also associated with low consumption of vegetables/fruit rich in Vit A (OR = 2.433, 95% IC = 1.13 - 5.21, p = 0.02) and other fruits (OR = 2.362, 95% IC = 1.17 - 4.76, p = 0.015). The prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy was high in this study. It is timely to focus on effective antenatal care and to improve nutritional counselling. Better maternal education about anaemia during antenatal consultations could reduce the prevalence of anaemia and mitigate the harmful consequences for the mother and new born.
References
[1]
McLean, E., Cogswell, M., Egli, I., Wojdyla, D. and de Benoist, B. (2009) Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993-2005. PublicHealthNutrition, 12, 444-454.
[2]
Khan, J.R., Awan, N. and Misu, F. (2016) Determinants of Anemia among 6-59 Months Aged Children in Bangladesh: Evidence from Nationally Representative Data. BMCPediatrics, 16, Article No. 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0536-z
[3]
Stevens, G.A., Finucane, M.M., De-Regil, L.M., Paciorek, C.J., Flaxman, S.R., Branca, F., etal. (2013) Global, Regional, and National Trends in Haemoglobin Concentration and Prevalence of Total and Severe Anaemia in Children and Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women for 1995-2011: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Representative Data. TheLancetGlobalHealth, 1, E16-E25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9
[4]
Stein, J., Connor, S., Virgin, G., Ong, D.E.H. and Pereyra, L. (2016) Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Gastrointestinal and Liver Conditions. WorldJournalofGastroenterology, 22, 7908-7925. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7908
[5]
Young, M.F., Oaks, B.M., Tandon, S., Martorell, R., Dewey, K.G. and Wendt, A.S. (2019) Maternal Hemoglobin Concentrations across Pregnancy and Maternal and Child Health: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Annals of the New York AcademyofSciences, 1450, 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14093
[6]
Stevens, G.A., Beal, T., Mbuya, M.N.N., Luo, H., Neufeld, L.M., Addo, O.Y., etal. (2022) Micronutrient Deficiencies among Preschool-Aged Children and Women of Reproductive Age Worldwide: A Pooled Analysis of Individual-Level Data from Population-Representative Surveys. TheLancetGlobalHealth, 10, E1590-E1599. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00367-9
[7]
McGuire, S. (2015) World Health Organization. ComprehensiveImplementationPlanonMaternal, Infant, andYoungChildNutrition. Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. AdvancesinNutrition, 6, 134-135. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007781
[8]
World Health Organization (2008) Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993-2005: WHO Global Database on Anaemia.40. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43894/9789241596657_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
[9]
Milman, N. (2006) Iron and Pregnancy—A Delicate Balance. AnnalsofHematology, 85, 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-006-0108-2
[10]
Milman, N. (2011) Iron in Pregnancy—A How Do We Secure an Appropriate Iron Status in the Mother and Child? AnnalsofNutritionandMetabolism, 59, 50-54. https://doi.org/10.1159/000332129
[11]
Ghosal, J., Bal, M., Ranjit, M., Das, A., Behera, M.R., Satpathy, S.K., etal. (2023) To What Extent Classic Socio-Economic Determinants Explain Trends of Anaemia in Tribal and Non-Tribal Women of Reproductive Age in India? Findings from Four National Family Heath Surveys (1998-2021). BMCPublicHealth, 23, Article No. 856. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15838-x
[12]
Beard, J.L. (2001) Iron Biology in Immune Function, Muscle Metabolism and Neuronal Functioning. TheJournalofNutrition, 131, 568S-580S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.2.568s
[13]
Marchant, T., Schellenberg, J.A., Nathan, R., Abdulla, S., Mukasa, O., Mshinda, H., etal. (2004) Anaemia in Pregnancy and Infant Mortality in Tanzania. TropicalMedicine&InternationalHealth, 9, 262-266. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01178.x
[14]
Foote, E.M., Sullivan, K.M., Ruth, L.J., Oremo, J., Sadumah, I., Williams, T.N., etal. (2013) Determinants of Anemia among Preschool Children in Rural, Western Kenya. TheAmericanSocietyofTropicalMedicineandHygiene, 88, 757-764. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0560
[15]
Okube, O.T., Mirie, W., Odhiambo, E., Sabina, W. and Habtu, M. (2016) Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in the Second and Third Trimesters at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya. OpenJournalofObstetricsandGynecology, 6, 16-27. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2016.61003
[16]
Locatelli, F., Covic, A., Eckardt, K., Wiecek, A. and Vanholder, R. (2009) Anaemia Management in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Position Statement by the Anaemia Working Group of European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). NephrologyDialysisTransplantation, 24, 348-354. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn653
[17]
Chopra, V.K. and Anker, S.D. (2020) Anaemia, Iron Deficiency and Heart Failure in 2020: Facts and Numbers. ESCHeartFailure, 7, 2007-2011. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12797
[18]
ENIAB. (2014) Enquête nationale d’Iode et d’Anémie au Burkina Faso. http://www.nutrition.bf/sites/default/files/2024-07/rapport-enquete-nationale-iode-et-anemie-au-burkina-faso_2014.pdf
[19]
Pigeon Burkina (2016) Loi n° 066-2009/AN du 22 décembre 2009 portant découpage des communes urbaines à statut particulier au Burkina Faso; Loi n° 026-2012/AN du 04 juin 2012 modifiant la loi n° 066-2009/AN du 22 décem-bre 2009, Wikipédia.
[20]
Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (INSD) (2019) Résultats définitifs du 5e Recensement Géneral de la Population et de l’Habitats (5e RGPH). Ministère en charge de l’économie, 135.
[21]
Ramakrishnan, U. and Yip, R. (2002) Experiences and Challenges in Industrialized Countries: Control of Iron Deficiency in Industrialized Countries. TheJournalofNutrition, 132, 820S-824S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.4.820s
[22]
World Health Organization (2019) WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Wheat Flour Fortification in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.
[23]
Meda, N., Mandelbrot, L., Cartoux, M., Dao, B., Ouangré, A. and Dabis, F. (1999) Anaemia during Pregnancy in Burkina Faso, West Africa, 1995-1996: Prevalence and Associated Factors. BullWorldHealthOrgan, 77, 916-922.
[24]
INSD and ICF. (2023) Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Burkina Faso 2021. INSD et ICF.
[25]
Taner, C.E., Ekin, A., Solmaz, U., Gezer, C., Cetin, B., Kelesoglu, M., etal. (2015) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending a High-Volume Tertiary Care Center for Delivery. JournaloftheTurkishGermanGynecologicalAssociation, 16, 231-236. https://doi.org/10.5152/jtgga.2015.15071
[26]
Demmouche, A. and Moulessehoul, S. (2010) Prévalence de l’anémie ferriprive au cours de la grossesse dans la wilaya de Sidi Bel Abbes (ouest de l’Algérie). Antropo, 21, 39-48.
[27]
Diarra, T. (2022) Anémie et grossesse: Aspect épidémioclinique au CHU Gabriel Toure. https://www.bibliosante.ml/handle/123456789/5228
[28]
Koura, K.G., Briand, V., Massougbodji, A., Chippaux, J.P., Cot, M. and Garcia, A. (2011) Determination of Prevalence and Etiology of Anemia during Pregnancy in Southern Benin, in Conjunction with Revision of National Management Policy. Medecine tropicale, 71, 63-67.
[29]
Adebo, A.A., Yessoufou, A.G., Médégnonmi Kpanou, C., Bio Bouko, M., Mansourou Soumanou, M. and Sezan, A. (2018) Anémie et facteurs associés chez les gestantes reçues en consultation au Centre de Santé d’Ekpè (Sud du Bénin). Antropo, 40, 35-41.
[30]
Tchente, C.N., DonghoTsakeu, E.N., Nguea, A.G., Njamen, T.N., Ekane, G.H. and Priso, E.B. (2016) Prévalence et facteurs associés à l’anémie en grossesse à l’Hôpital Général de Douala. PanAfricanMedicalJournal, 25, Article 133. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2016.25.133.10610
[31]
Liyew, A.M. and Teshale, A.B. (2020) Individual and Community Level Factors Associated with Anemia among Lactating Mothers in Ethiopia Using Data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, 2016; A Multilevel Analysis. BMC Public Health, 20, Article No. 775. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08934-9
[32]
Zaidi, S.R.H., Muzaffer, A., Fayyaz, S. andNaqvi, A.F. (2016) Female Literacy and Anemia in Pregnancy: Exploring Relationship. PakistanPostgraduateMedicalJournal, 27, 72-74. https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v27i3.118
[33]
Haque, A. and Zulfiqar, M. (2016) Women’s Economic Empowerment through Financial Literacy, Financial Attitude and Financial Wellbeing. InternationalJournalofBusinessandSocialScience, 7, 78-88.
[34]
Kassa, G.M., Muche, A.A., Berhe, A.K. and Fekadu, G.A. (2017) Prevalence and Determinants of Anemia among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMCHematology, 17, Article No. 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12878-017-0090-z
[35]
Samuel, S., Darebo, T., Desta, D.T. and Mulugeta, A. (2020) Socio‐Economic and Dietary Diversity Characteristics Are Associated with Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Services in Public Health Centers of Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. FoodScience&Nutrition, 8, 1978-1986. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1485
[36]
Adesina, O., Olubukola, A. and Odunayo, A. (2011) Anemia in Pregnancy at Two Levels of Health Care in Ibadan, South West Nigeria. AnnalsofAfricanMedicine, 10, 272-277. https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-3519.87042
[37]
Nankinga, O. and Aguta, D. (2019) Determinants of Anemia among Women in Uganda: Further Analysis of the Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys. BMCPublicHealth, 19, Article No. 1757. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8114-1
[38]
Mahfouz, A.A., El-Said, M.M., Alakija, W., Badawi, I.A., Al-Erian, R.A. and Moneim, M.A. (1994) Anemia among Pregnant Women in the Asir Region, Saudi Arabia: An Epidemiologic Study. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 25, 84-87.
[39]
de Groot, R., Kuunyem, M.Y. and Palermo, T. (2018) Child Marriage and Associated Outcomes in Northern Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMCPublicHealth, 18, Article No. 285. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5166-6
[40]
Herliana, B.R., Utami, N.W.A. and Kurniati, D.P.Y. (2018) Early Marriage Practices and the Health Impacts on Female Adolescent Health in Central Lombok: A Qualitative Study. PublicHealthandPreventiveMedicineArchive, 6, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.53638/phpma.2018.v6.i1.p11
[41]
Nwizu, E.N., Iliyasu, Z., Ibrahim, S.A. and Galadanci, H.S. (2011) Socio-Demographic and Maternal Factors in Anaemia in Pregnancy at Booking in Kano, Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 15, 33-41.
[42]
Bekele, A., Tilahun, M. and Mekuria, A. (2016) Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Health Institutions of Arba Minch Town, Gamo Gofa Zone, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Anemia, 2016, Article 1073192. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1073192
[43]
van den Broek, N.R., Rogerson, S.J., Mhango, C.G., Kambala, B., White, S.A. and Molyneux, M.E. (2000) Anaemia in Pregnancy in Southern Malawi: Prevalence and Risk Factors. BJOG: AnInternationalJournalofObstetrics&Gynaecology, 107, 445-451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13260.x
[44]
Anorlu, R.I., Oluwole, A.A. and Abudu, O.O. (2006) Sociodemographic Factors in Anaemia in Pregnancy at Booking in Lagos, Nigeria. JournalofObstetricsandGynaecology, 26, 773-776. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443610600963846
[45]
Salahat, M.A. and Ibrahim, A.I. (2012) Prevalence of Anemia among Jordanian Pregnant Women and the Effect of Early Pregnancy on Alkaline Phosphatase Activity. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 5, 65-70.
[46]
Nikiema, L., Vocouma, A., Sondo, B. and Martin-Prevel, Y. (2010) Déterminants nutritionnels de l’anémie chez la femme enceinte et issue de la grossesse en milieu urbain au Burkina Faso: Nutritional Determinants of Anemia, in Pregnant Women and Pregnancy Out-Comes, in Urban Burkina Faso. SciencesdelaSanté, 33, 53-68. https://revuesciences-techniquesburkina.org/index.php/sciences_de_la_sante/article/view/507
[47]
Almohri, M., Salehi, S.A., Ghawi, A.A., Husain, E. and Al, M. (2023) Prevalence of Anemia, and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Primary Healthcare Centers in the Kingdom of Bahrain. BahrainMedicalBulletin, 45, 1581-1587.
[48]
Tsehayu, B.T. (2009) Determinants of Anaemia in Pregnant Women with Emphasis on Intestinal Helminthic Infection at Bushulo Health Center Southern Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University. http://thesisbank.jhia.ac.ke/6526/
[49]
Kefiyalew, F., Zemene, E., Asres, Y. and Gedefaw, L. (2014) Anemia among Pregnant Women in Southeast Ethiopia: Prevalence, Severity and Associated Risk Factors. BMCResearchNotes, 7, Article No. 771. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-771
[50]
FAO (2016) Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women: A Guide to Measurement. FAO and FANTA. https://www.fao.org/3/i5486e/i5486e.pdf
