我国养老模式嬗变的历史动因分析
Analysis of the Historical Motivations for the Evolution of China’s Pension Model

我国一直以来具有“尊老、敬老、孝老”的历史文化传统，在确立了“孝治天下”的思想后，传统的养老模式都是以家庭养老为主，历朝历代补充了养老政策，同时也有社会养老机构的产生和完善，包括战争时期救生埋死的社会救济手段，以及从近代以来伴随社会保障制度的建立健全，养老模式从传统的居家养老在各种因素的影响下逐步由代际关系向社会养老转变。本文探析我国养老模式转变的历史渊源，同时探讨中国传统思想——家族观念、生命观念、尊老观念形成的历史动因。最后，立足时代背景，探讨我国快速进入人口老龄化社会后，应对老年人对于养老服务的需求从简单的物质需求转变为同时要求精神需求的问题，为实现“老有所养、老有所医、老有所为、老有所学、老有所教、老有所乐”的社会养老模式，提供新的文化力量。
China has always had a historical and cultural tradition of “respecting, honoring and being filial to the elderly”. After the idea of “governing the world with filial piety” was established, the traditional elderly care model was mainly family-based. The elderly care policies were supplemented by successive dynasties. At the same time, social elderly care institutions were also created and improved, including social relief means of saving lives and burying the dead during wars. Since modern times, with the establishment and improvement of the social security system, the elderly care model has gradually changed from traditional home-based elderly care to social elderly care under the influence of various factors. This article explores the historical origins of the transformation of China’s elderly care model, and at the same time explores the historical motivations for the formation of Chinese traditional ideas—family concepts, life concepts, and respect for the elderly. Finally, based on the background of the times, this article explores the issue of how to deal with the transformation of the elderly’s demand for elderly care services from simple material needs to spiritual needs after China has rapidly entered an aging population society, and provides new cultural power for the realization of a social elderly care model of “the elderly have a place to live, the elderly have medical care, the elderly have something to do, the elderly have something to learn, the elderly have something to teach, and the elderly have something to enjoy”.