|
|
儿童性别刻板印象表现及成因分析
|
Abstract:
近年来，性别刻板印象引起了研究者的普遍关注，前人研究多关注由性别刻板印象导致的成年男性和女性在职业、社会交往、家庭生活和个性等方面的差异，对学前期儿童的研究相对较少。而学前期是性别刻板印象形成的重要阶段，并且一旦形成性别刻板印象，就很难再改变，这是会对个体生理、心理、认知以及未来发展产生深刻影响的。由此可见，对儿童的性别刻板印象的研究就变得尤为重要。
In recent years, gender stereotypes have attracted widespread attention from researchers. Previous studies have primarily focused on the differences between adult men and women in terms of careers, social interactions, family life, and personality traits due to gender stereotypes, with relatively little research conducted on preschool-aged children. However, the preschool period is a crucial stage in the formation of gender stereotypes, and once formed, these stereotypes are difficult to change. They can have profound effects on an individual’s physical, psychological, and cognitive development, as well as their future growth. Therefore, studying gender stereotypes in children becomes particularly important.
| [1] | 曹仁艳(2010). 儿童性别刻板印象的发展与性别恒常性的关系: 母亲教养态度的调节. 硕士学位论文, 济南: 山东师范大学. |
| [2] | 常宏, 洪秀敏(2008). 幼儿园教师性别教育观念现状研究. 幼儿教育(教育科学), (7), 60-63. |
| [3] | 陈雨亭(2005). 性别差异与日常教育实践——对六位初中教师的性别观念及实践的探究. 当代教育科学, (8), 34-40. |
| [4] | 杜丽中(2020). 4-7岁儿童性别刻板印象及其对游戏选择的影响. 硕士学位论文, 兰州: 西北师范大学. |
| [5] | 封安青(2002). 如何对幼儿角色游戏进行讲评. 山东教育, (12), 61-62. |
| [6] | 付颖(2008). 就业视角下的儿童性别社会. 硕士学位论文, 成都: 四川省社会科学院. |
| [7] | 姜新华, 杨峰, 李秀丽, 王美芳(2016). 8-13岁儿童关于能力与热情的内隐性别刻板印象. 中国临床心理学杂志, 24(4), 613-617. |
| [8] | 唐显枚(2022). 国产网络青春偶像剧女性形象研究(2014-2020). 硕士学位论文, 泉州: 华侨大学. |
| [9] | 王美芳, 孙丹(2010). 学前儿童关于攻击和亲社会行为的性别差异信念. 心理科学, 33(3), 576-579. |
| [10] | 王美芳, 杨峰, 杨云云(2013). 儿童对能力和热情特质的认识. 中国临床心理学杂志, 21(6), 897-900, 878. |
| [11] | 徐佳, 陈毅文, 张玉婷(2022). 4-9岁儿童在智力、助人和玩具领域性别刻板印象发展. 中国临床心理学杂志, 30(5), 1039-1042. |
| [12] | 禹俊慧(2022). 学前儿童性别刻板印象的发展及其对同伴选择的影响. 硕士学位论文, 桂林: 广西师范大学. |
| [13] | 战欣(2006). 儿童性别刻板印象的发展及其对社会判断的影响. 硕士学位论文, 济南: 山东师范大学. |
| [14] | Bandura, A., & Walters, R.H. (1963). Social Learning and Personality Development. Holt Rinehart and Winston. |
| [15] | Berndt, T. J., & Heller, K. A. (1986). Gender Stereotypes and Social Inferences: A Developmental Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 889-898. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.889 |
| [16] | Bian, L., Leslie, S., & Cimpian, A. (2017). Gender Stereotypes about Intellectual Ability Emerge Early and Influence Children’s Interests. Science, 355, 389-391. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah6524 |
| [17] | Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1992). Self-Regulatory Mechanisms Governing Gender Development. Child Development, 63, 1236-1250. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131530 |
| [18] | Caldera, Y. M., Huston, A. C., & O’Brien, M. (1989). Social Interactions and Play Patterns of Parents and Toddlers with Feminine, Masculine, and Neutral Toys. Child Development, 60, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131072 |
| [19] | Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. L. (1984). Structure of Gender Stereotypes: Interrelationships among Components and Gender Label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 991-1004. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.991 |
| [20] | Fagot, B. I., & Leinbach, M. D. (1995). Gender Knowledge in Egalitarian and Traditional Families. Sex Roles, 32, 513-526. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01544186 |
| [21] | Francesca, M., & Retelsdorf, J. (2019). At Their Children’s Expense: How Parents’ Gender Stereotypes Affect Their Children’s Reading Outcomes. Learning and Instruction, 60, 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.12.002 |
| [22] | Freeman, N. K. (2007). Preschoolers’ Perceptions of Gender Appropriate Toys and Their Parents’ Beliefs about Genderized Behaviors: Miscommunication, Mixed Messages, or Hidden Truths? Early Childhood Education Journal, 34, 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-006-0123-x |
| [23] | Karniol, R. (2011). The Color of Children’s Gender Stereotypes. Sex Roles, 65, 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9989-1 |
| [24] | Kuhn, D., & Franklin, S. (2006). The Second Decade: What Develops and How. In W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (pp. 953-993). Wiley. |
| [25] | LoBue, V., & DeLoache, J. S. (2011). Pretty in Pink: The Early Development of Gender‐Stereotyped Colour Preferences. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29, 656-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02027.x |
| [26] | Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1987). Gender Segregation in Childhood. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 20, 239-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60404-8 |
| [27] | Martin, C. L., & Halverson, C. F. (1981). A Schematic Processing Model of Sex Typing and Stereotyping in Children. Child Development, 52, 1119-1134. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129498 |
| [28] | Miller, C. F., Trautner, H. M., & Ruble, D. N. (2006). The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Children’s Preferences and Behavior. In L. Balter, & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues (2nd ed., pp. 293-323). Psychology Press. |
| [29] | Moller, L. C., Hymel, S., & Rubin, K. H. (1992). Sex Typing in Play and Popularity in Middle Childhood. Sex Roles, 26, 331-353. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00289916 |
| [30] | Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement Motivation: Conceptions of Ability, Subjective Experience, Task Choice, and Performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328-346. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.91.3.328 |
| [31] | Rosenkrantz, P., Vogel, S., Bee, H., Broverman, I., & Broverman, D. M. (1968). Sex-Role Stereotypes and Self-Concepts in College Students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 287-295. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025909 |
| [32] | Ruble, D. N., Taylor, L. J., Cyphers, L., Greulich, F. K., Lurye, L. E., & Shrout, P. E. (2006). The Role of Gender Constancy in Early Gender Development. Child Development, 78, 1121-1136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01056.x |
| [33] | Serbin, L. A., Powlishta, K. K., & Gulko, J. (1993). Sex Roles, Status, and the Need for Social Change. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58, 93-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1993.tb00391.x |
| [34] | Sutfin, E. L., Fulcher, M., Bowles, R. P., & Patterson, C. J. (2008). How Lesbian and Heterosexual Parents Convey Attitudes about Gender to Their Children: The Role of Gendered Environments. Sex Roles, 58, 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9368-0 |
| [35] | Tomasetto, C., Mirisola, A., Galdi, S., & Cadinu, M. (2015). Parents’ Math-Gender Stereotypes, Children’s Self-Perception of Ability, and Children’s Appraisal of Parents’ Evaluations in 6-Year-Olds. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 42, 186-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.06.007 |
| [36] | Weinraub, M., Clemens, L. P., Sockloff, A., Ethridge, T., Gracely, E., & Myers, B. (1984). The Development of Sex Role Stereotypes in the Third Year: Relationships to Gender Labeling, Gender Identity, Sex-Types Toy Preference, and Family Characteristics. Child Development, 55, 1493-1503. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130019 |
