Astronomical extreme events or phenomena include black holes as well as nebulae systems that resemble the Milky Way. Meteorological extreme events or phenomena include tornadoes and tropical cyclones. The new high energy state of matter expanding outwards by spin jets from the two poles of an astronomical black hole, the new high energy state of matter in a funnel-shaped vortex showed a meteorological tornado expanding downwards from a rotated disk of cumulonimbus clouds, the new high energy state of matter in a tropical cyclone and the new high energy state of a nebulae system converging celestial materials are phenomena across disciplines and multiple time-space scales that have not yet been physically explained. In this paper, the theory of orthogonal collision in the rotational contraction continuum is used to unify the understanding of diverse extreme events or phenomena through a single dynamical mechanism, offering insights into natural processes across disciplines. In the field of astronomy, the orthogonal collision of two-beam rotating and contracting particles or stars associated with centripetal forces forms a new high-energy state of matter at the collision point and the new high-energy particles have expanding forces outward to both sides of the collision plane. In the field of meteorology, the orthogonal collision of multiple horizontally rotating and contracting airflows associated with centripetal forces forms a new high energy state of matter at the collision point as well as an updraft force and a downdraft force vertically. The updraft force and downdraft force formed by the collision of anomalous wet airflows in the lower atmosphere can well indicate tornado, thunderstorm and extreme precipitation. The orthogonal collision theory can be applied to explain new states of matter in disciplines from the astronomical scale to the meteorological scale and the Planck scale.
References
[1]
Qian, W. (2024) The Essence of Gravity Is the Expansion Tendency of the Universe after the Big Bang. JournalofModernPhysics, 15, 804-849. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.156036
[2]
Shi, L., Olabarrieta, M., Nolan, D.S. and Warner, J.C. (2020) Tropical Cyclone Rainbands Can Trigger Meteotsunamis. NatureCommunications, 11, Article No. 678. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14423-9
[3]
Camargo, S.J. and Wing, A.A. (2021) Increased Tropical Cyclone Risk to Coasts. Science, 371, 458-459. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg3651
[4]
Sejnowsk, T.J. (1969) Effect of a Black Hole on Stellar Dynamics. Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 14, 616.
[5]
Ruffini, R. and Wheeler, J.A. (1971) Introducing the Black Hole. PhysicsToday, 24, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3022513
[6]
Agee, E., Church, C., Morris, C. and Snow, J. (1975) Some Synoptic Aspects and Dynamic Features of Vortices Associated with the Tornado Outbreak of 3 April 1974. MonthlyWeatherReview, 103, 318-333. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0318:ssaadf>2.0.co;2
[7]
Corfidi, S.F., Weiss, S.J., Kain, J.S., Corfidi, S.J., Rabin, R.M. and Levit, J.J. (2010) Revisiting the 3-4 April 1974 Super Outbreak of Tornadoes. WeatherandForecasting, 25, 465-510. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009waf2222297.1
[8]
Knupp, K.R., Murphy, T.A., Coleman, T.A., Wade, R.A., Mullins, S.A., Schultz, C.J., et al. (2014) Meteorological Overview of the Devastating 27 April 2011 Tornado Outbreak. BulletinoftheAmericanMeteorologicalSociety, 95, 1041-1062. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00229.1
[9]
Qian, W., Shan, X., Liang, H., Huang, J. and Leung, C. (2014) A Generalized Beta‐advection Model to Improve Unusual Typhoon Track Prediction by Decomposing Total Flow into Climatic and Anomalous Flows. JournalofGeophysicalResearch: Atmospheres, 119, 1097-1117. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020902
[10]
Chen, N., Han, G., Yang, J. and Chen, D. (2014) Hurricane Sandy Storm Surges Observed by HY‐2A Satellite Altimetry and Tide Gauges. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119, 4542-4548. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jc009782
[11]
Qian, W., Huang, J. and Du, J. (2016) Examination of Hurricane Sandy’s (2012) Structure and Intensity Evolution from Full-Field and Anomaly-Field Analyses. TellusA: DynamicMeteorologyandOceanography, 68, Article No. 29029. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v68.29029
[12]
Lehoux, D. (2020) Cosmology and Meteorology. In: Mitsis, P., Ed., Oxford Handbook of Epicurus and Epicureanism, Oxford University Press, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744213.013.7
[13]
Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., et al. (2019) First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875, L1.
[14]
Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., et al. (2022) First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875, L12.
[15]
Simmons, K.M. and Sutter, D. (2012) The 2011 Tornadoes and the Future of Tornado Research. BulletinoftheAmericanMeteorologicalSociety, 93, 959-961. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00126.1
[16]
Penrose, R. (1965) Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities. PhysicalReviewLetters, 14, 57-59. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.14.57
[17]
Schwarzschild, K. (2003) “Golden Oldie”: On the Gravitational Field of a Mass Point According to Einstein’s Theory. GeneralRelativityandGravitation, 35, 951-959. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022971926521
[18]
Schaefer, J.T. and Edwards, R. (1999) The SPC Tornado/Severe Thunderstorm Database. 11thConferenceonAppliedClimatology, Dallas, 10-15 January 1999, 603.
[19]
Schultz, D.M., Richardson, Y.P., Markowski, P.M. and Doswell, C.A. (2014) Tornadoes in the Central United States and the “Clash of Air Masses”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95, 1704-1712. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00252.1
[20]
Qian, W.H., Leung, J., Jin, R.H., et al. (2017) Application of Anomalous Variables in Severe Convection System Analyses and Model Evaluation: A Case Study on Tornado-Producing Anomalous Systems near Lixiahe Basin, Jiangsu Province. Meteorological Monthly, 43, 129-143.
[21]
Chakrabarti, S.K. (2001) Jets and Outflows from Advective Accretion Disks. AIPConferenceProceedings, 558, 246-257. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1370795
[22]
Rasmussen, E.N. and Straka, J.M. (2007) Evolution of Low-Level Angular Momentum in the 2 June 1995 Dimmitt, Texas, Tornado Cyclone. JournaloftheAtmosphericSciences, 64, 1365-1378. https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3829.1
[23]
Qian, W. (2023) Identifying the Spatial Structure of Black Hole and Tropical Cyclone Based on a Theoretical Analysis of Orthogonal Interaction. JournalofModernPhysics, 14, 933-952. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2023.146052
[24]
Qian, W., Du, J., Leung, J.C., Li, W., Wu, F. and Zhang, B. (2023) Why Are Severe Weather and Anomalous Climate Events Often Associated with the Orthogonal Convergence of Airflows? WeatherandClimateExtremes, 42, Article ID: 100633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2023.100633
[25]
Qian, W. (2022) Orthogonal Collision of Particles Produces New Physical State. JournalofModernPhysics, 13, 1440-1451. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2022.1311089
[26]
Einstein, A. (1905) Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon Its Energy-Content? AnnalenderPhysik, 323, 639-641. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19053231314
[27]
Qian, W. (2023) A Physical Interpretation of Mass-Energy Equivalence Based on the Orthogonal Collision. JournalofModernPhysics, 14, 1067-1086. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2023.147059
[28]
Mathur, M.B. (1998) Development of an Eye-Wall like Structure in a Tropical Cyclone Model Simulation. DynamicsofAtmospheresandOceans, 27, 527-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0265(97)00029-8
[29]
Corbosiero, K.L., Molinari, J., Aiyyer, A.R. and Black, M.L. (2006) The Structure and Evolution of Hurricane Elena (1985). Part II: Convective Asymmetries and Evidence for Vortex Rossby Waves. MonthlyWeatherReview, 134, 3073-3091. https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr3250.1
[30]
Solari, G. (2019) Wind Meteorology, Micrometeorology and Climatology. In: Solari, G., Ed., Wind Science and Engineering: Origins, Developments, Fundamentals and Advancements, Springer International Publishing, 325-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18815-3_6
[31]
Qian, W.H. (2017) Temporal Climatology and Anomalous Weather Analysis. Springer Atmospheric Sciences. Springer, 687 p.
[32]
Qian, W., Du, J. and Ai, Y. (2021) A Review: Anomaly-Based versus Full-Field-Based Weather Analysis and Forecasting. BulletinoftheAmericanMeteorologicalSociety, 102, E849-E870. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0297.1
[33]
Gvoždíková, B. and Müller, M. (2021) Predictability of Moisture Flux Anomalies Indicating Central European Extreme Precipitation Events. QuarterlyJournaloftheRoyalMeteorologicalSociety, 147, 3335-3348. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4131
[34]
Dee, D.P., Uppala, S.M., Simmons, A.J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., et al. (2011) The ERA-Interim Reanalysis: Configuration and Performance of the Data Assimilation System. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137, 553-597.
[35]
Joyce, R.J., Janowiak, J.E., Arkin, P.A. and Xie, P. (2004) CMORPH: A Method That Produces Global Precipitation Estimates from Passive Microwave and Infrared Data at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution. JournalofHydrometeorology, 5, 487-503. https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:camtpg>2.0.co;2
[36]
Browning, K.A. and Foote, G.B. (1976) Airflow and Hail Growth in Supercell Storms and Some Implications for Hail Suppression. Quarterly Journal of the RoyalMeteorologicalSociety, 102, 499-533. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710243303
[37]
Wang, X.M., Zhong, Q. and Han, S.Y. (2009) A Numerical Case Study on the Evolution of Hail Cloud and the Three-Dimensional Structure of Supercell. Plateau Meteorology, 28, 352-365.
[38]
Qian, W. (2023) A Physical Explanation for the Formation of Auroras. JournalofModernPhysics, 14, 271-286. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2023.143018
[39]
Akhavan, O. (2022) The Universe Creation by Electron Quantum Black Holes. ActaScientificAppliedPhysics, 2, 34-45.
[40]
Qian, W., Leung, J.C. and Zhang, B. (2023) An Orthogonal Collision Dynamic Mechanism of Wave-Like Uplift Plateaus in Southern Asia. OpenJournalofGeology, 13, 828-846. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2023.138037
[41]
Qian, W. and Du, J. (2023) A Study on the Plate Tectonics in the Early Earth Period Based on the Core-Magma Angular Momentum Exchange. OpenJournalofGeology, 13, 598-621. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2023.136026
[42]
Li, S.G. (1973) Introduction to Geomechanics. Science Press.
