Fully Recycled Syntheses Using Recycled Concrete Powder, Oyster Shell and Wood Powder: Effect of Combined Ground Treatment on Mechanical Strength and FTIR, XRD, and SEM Characterization
The use of recycled concrete and oyster shells as partial cement and aggregate replacements is ongoing research to solve this multifaceted problem of concrete waste in the construction industry as well as waste from oyster shell farming. However, there is a lack of evidence on the possibility of producing a fully recycled composite consisting of recycled concrete and oyster shell without the need for new cement and natural aggregates. In this study, recycled concrete powder (RCP) and oyster shell were used to produce a green composite. Separate ground and combined ground (separate ground and co-ground) RCP and oyster shells are used to determine the effects of grinding approaches on the mechanical and chemical properties of the composite. The composite samples were molded via press molding by applying 30 MPa of pressure for 10 minutes. The results revealed that the composite prepared via the combined ground approach presented the highest flexural strength compared to the separate ground and unground samples. The FTIR and XRD characterization results revealed no chemical or phase alterations in the raw materials or the resulting composites before and after grinding. SEM analysis revealed that combined grinding reduced the particles’ size and improved the dispersion of the mixture, thereby increasing the strength.
References
[1]
Akhtar, A. and Sarmah, A.K. (2018) Construction and Demolition Waste Generation and Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Global Perspective. JournalofCleanerProduction, 186, 262-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.085
[2]
Wang, B., Yan, L., Fu, Q. and Kasal, B. (2021) A Comprehensive Review on Recycled Aggregate and Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Resources, ConservationandRecycling, 171, Article ID: 105565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105565
Verian, K.P., Ashraf, W. and Cao, Y. (2018) Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Their Influence in New Concrete Production. Resources, ConservationandRecycling, 133, 30-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.005
[5]
Xu, X., Luo, Y., Sreeram, A., Wu, Q., Chen, G., Cheng, S., etal. (2022) Potential Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) for Sustainable Asphalt Pavements of the Future: A State-Of-The-Art Review. JournalofCleanerProduction, 344, Article ID: 130893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130893
[6]
Loureiro, C.D.A., Moura, C.F.N., Rodrigues, M., Martinho, F.C.G., Silva, H.M.R.D. and Oliveira, J.R.M. (2022) Steel Slag and Recycled Concrete Aggregates: Replacing Quarries to Supply Sustainable Materials for the Asphalt Paving Industry. Sustainability, 14, Article 5022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095022
[7]
Jaawani, S., Franco, A., De Luca, G., Coppola, O. and Bonati, A. (2021) Limitations on the Use of Recycled Asphalt Pavement in Structural Concrete. AppliedSciences, 11, Article 10901. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210901
[8]
Wu, H., Liu, C., Zhao, Y., Chen, G. and Gao, J. (2024) Elucidating the Role of Recycled Concrete Powder in Low-Carbon Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC): Multi-Performance Evaluation. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials, 441, Article ID: 137520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137520
[9]
Hou, S., Hu, R., Xu, L., Zhang, Y. and Ma, Z. (2024) Understanding the Chloride Migration in Recycled Powder Concrete: Effects of Recycled Powder Type, Replacement Rate and Substitution Pattern. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials, 436, Article ID: 136825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136825
[10]
Liu, X., Liang, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, J. and Ma, Z. (2024) Mechanical Performance of Low-Carbon Ultra-High Performance Engineered Cementitious Composites (UHP-ECC) with High-Volume Recycled Concrete Powder. JournalofBuildingEngineering, 88, Article ID: 109153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109153
[11]
Yu, P., Li, T. and Gao, S. (2024) Study on the Effect of Recycled Fine Powder on the Properties of Cement Mortar and Concrete. DesalinationandWaterTreatment, 319, Article ID: 100481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100481
[12]
Singh, P. and Kapoor, K. (2024) Developing Geopolymer Concrete Using Fine Recycled Concrete Powder and Recycled Aggregates. MagazineofConcreteResearch, 76, 1091-1105. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.23.00360
[13]
Shen, Z., Zhu, H. and Meng, X. (2024) The Influence of Curing Methods on the Performance of Recycled Concrete Powder Artificial Aggregates and Concrete. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials, 435, Article ID: 136908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136908
[14]
Kasulanati, M.L. and Pancharathi, R.K. (2021) Multi-Recycled Aggregate Concrete Towards a Sustainable Solution—A Review. CementWapnoBeton, 26, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2021.26.1.4
[15]
FAO (2022) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022.
[16]
Ruslan, H.N., Muthusamy, K., Syed Mohsin, S.M., Jose, R. and Omar, R. (2022) Oyster Shell Waste as a Concrete Ingredient: A Review. MaterialsToday: Proceedings, 48, 713-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.208
[17]
Song, Q., Wang, Q., Xu, S., Mao, J., Li, X. and Zhao, Y. (2022) Properties of Water-Repellent Concrete Mortar Containing Superhydrophobic Oyster Shell Powder. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials, 337, Article ID: 127423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127423
[18]
Cha, I., Kim, J. and Lee, H. (2023) Enhancing Compressive Strength in Cementitious Composites through Effective Use of Wasted Oyster Shells and Admixtures. Buildings, 13, Article 2787. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112787
[19]
Luo, K., Zhang, M., Jiang, Q., Wang, S. and Zhuo, X. (2024) Evaluation of Using Oyster Shell as a Complete Replacement for Aggregate to Make Eco-Friendly Concrete. JournalofBuildingEngineering, 84, Article ID: 108587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108587
[20]
Jeon, J.H., Son, Y.H., Kim, T.J. and Jo, S.B. (2024) Engineering Performances of Permeable Concrete Blocks Using Oyster Shell, Bottom Ash, and Biochar. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials, 440, Article ID: 137374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137374
[21]
Wan Mohammad, W.A.S.B., Othman, N.H., Wan Ibrahim, M.H., Rahim, M.A., Shahidan, S. and Rahman, R.A. (2017) A Review on Seashells Ash as Partial Cement Replacement. IOPConferenceSeries: MaterialsScienceandEngineering, 271, Article ID: 012059. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/271/1/012059
[22]
Han, Y., Lin, R. and Wang, X. (2022) Performance of Sustainable Concrete Made from Waste Oyster Shell Powder and Blast Furnace Slag. JournalofBuildingEngineering, 47, Article ID: 103918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103918
[23]
Miatto, A., Schandl, H., Fishman, T. and Tanikawa, H. (2016) Global Patterns and Trends for Non-Metallic Minerals Used for Construction. JournalofIndustrialEcology, 21, 924-937. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12471
[24]
Liao, Y., Shi, H., Zhang, S., Da, B. and Chen, D. (2021) Particle Size Effect of Oyster Shell on Mortar: Experimental Investigation and Modeling. Materials, 14, Article 6813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226813
[25]
Liao, Y., Wang, X., Kong, D., Da, B. and Chen, D. (2023) Experiment Research on Effect of Oyster Shell Particle Size on Mortar Transmission Properties. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials, 375, Article ID: 131012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131012
[26]
Erdogdu, K., Tokyay, M. and Türker, P. (1999) Comparison of Intergrinding and Separate Grinding for the Production of Natural Pozzolan and GBFS-Incorporated Blended Cements. CementandConcreteResearch, 29, 743-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(99)00039-3
[27]
Onaizi, A.M., Tang, W. and Liu, Y. (2024) Co-grinding Treatment for Developing Integrated-Properties SCMs from Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag and Furnace Bottom Ash: A Step toward Synthesis Advanced SCMs. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 20, e03163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03163
[28]
Dvořák, K., Dolák, D. and Dočkal, J. (2016) Comparison of Separate and Co-Grinding of the Blended Cements with the Pozzolanic Component. Procedia Engineering, 151, 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.376
[29]
Maurya, S.K., Bhatrola, K. and Kothiyal, N.C. (2023) Sustainable Development of Mortar with Low Carbon Admixed High Volume Fly Ash. Materials Today: Proceedings, 93, 428-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.08.067
[30]
Singh Kashyap, V., Agrawal, U., Arora, K. and Sancheti, G. (2021) FTIR Analysis of Nanomodified Cement Concrete Incorporating Nano Silica and Waste Marble Dust. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 796, Article ID: 012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/796/1/012022
[31]
Ylmén, R., Jäglid, U., Steenari, B. and Panas, I. (2009) Early Hydration and Setting of Portland Cement Monitored by IR, SEM and Vicat Techniques. Cement and Concrete Research, 39, 433-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.01.017
[32]
Al Sekhaneh, W., Shiyyab, A., Arinat, M. and Gharaibeh, N. (2020) Use of Ftir and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Ancient Mortar from the Church of the Cross in Gerasa (Jordan) for Conservation Purposes. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 20, 159-174.
[33]
Santos, V.H.J.M.D., Pontin, D., Ponzi, G.G.D., Stepanha, A.S.D.G.E., Martel, R.B., Schütz, M.K., et al. (2021) Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Coupled with Multivariate Regression for Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Quantification in Cement. Construction and Building Materials, 313, Article ID: 125413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125413
[34]
Delgado, A.H., Paroli, R.M. and Beaudoin, J.J. (1996) Comparison of IR Techniques for the Characterization of Construction Cement Minerals and Hydrated Products. Applied Spectroscopy, 50, 970-976. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702963905312
[35]
Bahari, A., Sadeghi-Nik, A., Roodbari, M., Sadeghi-Nik, A. and Mirshafiei, E. (2018) Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Ordinary Portland Cement Composites Contains Nano LSCO Perovskite with Fokker-Planck and Chemical Reaction Equations. Construction and Building Materials, 163, 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.073
[36]
Nukah, P.D., Abbey, S.J., Booth, C.A. and Oti, J. (2024) Development of Low Carbon Concrete and Prospective of Geopolymer Concrete Using Lightweight Coarse Aggregate and Cement Replacement Materials. Construction and Building Materials, 428, Article ID: 136295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136295
[37]
Kunther, W., Ferreiro, S. and Skibsted, J. (2017) Influence of the Ca/Si Ratio on the Compressive Strength of Cementitious Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate Binders. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5, 17401-17412. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta06104h
[38]
Dinh, H.L., Liu, J., Doh, J. and Ong, D.E.L. (2024) Influence of Si/Al Molar Ratio and Ca Content on the Performance of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Incorporating Waste Glass and GGBFs. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials, 411, Article ID: 134741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134741
