The subject is the thermodynamics of dark matter, the Helmholtz free energy. The method of fluctuations leads to an estimate of the mass of a dark matter particle. The picture that emerges is that of a small-mass, degenerate, spinless boson. Contour integration produces dark matter equations of state.
References
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Togeas, J. (2024) A Dark Energy Hypothesis II. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 10, 1142-1151. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2024.103069
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Born, M. (1964) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance. Dover Publications, Ch. VIII.
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Einstein, A. (1909) On the Present Status of the Radiation Problem. In: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (Volume 2, Tr. by Anna Beck). Princeton University Press.
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Kuhn, T.S. (1978) Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912. The University of Chicago Press. Ch. VIII.
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Annett, J.F. (2004) Superconductivity, Superfluids and Condensates. Oxford University Press. Chs. 1-2.
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Wax, N. (1954) Selected Papers on Noise and Stochastic Processes. Dover Publications, 88.
