The inadequacy of drinking water distribution by the Chadian Water Company (STE) has led to the proliferation of private wells and boreholes in the city of Abéché. This study aims to evaluate the microbiological quality of the drinking water from these wells and boreholes in the city. Methodology: To carry out this study, a randomized selection of forty-five (45) water points, including nine (9) wells and thirty-six (36) boreholes, was identified, and samples were collected. These samples were sent to the National Water Laboratory (LNE) to test for several microbiological parameters, namely Escherichia coli, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal enterococci, and total aerobic flora. The technique used for this analysis was spread plating and membrane filtration. Results: The average values obtained in the well water are 0.338*104 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms, 0.156*104 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, 0.319*103 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli, 33.33 CFU/100 ml for fecal enterococci and 1.385*104 CFU/100 ml for total aerobic flora. For borehole water, the average values obtained are 0.469*104 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms, 0.134*104 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, 0.337*103 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli, 16.67 CFU/100 ml for fecal enterococci and 1.47*104 CFU/100 ml for total aerobic flora. Conclusion: According to the tolerance thresholds set by the WHO, the average values obtained significantly exceed the recommended standards for drinking water. Therefore, these waters must be treated alongside environmental sanitation measures at water points to ensure a safe drinking water supply that poses no major health risks to the population. For this fact, an appropriate health survey and the implementation of community water and sanitation projects are recommended.
References
[1]
Mishra, R. and Dubey, S. (2015) Fresh Water Availability and It’s Global Challenge. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention Research & Development, 2, 351-407.
[2]
OMS (2017) Directives de Qualité pour l’Eau de Boisson: 4ème éd. Integrant le premier additif [Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: 4th ed. 2017 Incorporating First Addendum]. 564.
[3]
Sawadogo, A., Cisse, H., Tapsoba, F., Kagambega, B., Zongo, O., Ouedraogo, L., et al. (2024) Evaluation de la qualité des eaux de forage de la commune de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. InternationalJournalofBiologicalandChemicalSciences, 17, 2550-2563. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i6.32
[4]
Health in Africa (2022) The WHO Regional Director for Africa Reports.
[5]
CAWST (Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology) (2013) Introduction à l’analyse de la qualité de l’eau de boisson. Edition Manuel.
[6]
Maoudombaye, T., Ndoutamia, G., Seid Ali, M. and Ngakou, A. (2015) Etude comparative de laqualité physico-chimique des eaux de puits, de forages et de rivières consommées dans le bassin pétrolier de Doba au Tchad. Larhyss Journal, 24, 193-208.
[7]
Dingao, D.D. and Mbaindongou, D. (2019) Problématique de l’accès à l’eau potable dans la ville d’Abéché au Tchad. Annales de l’Université de Moundou, Série A—Faculté des Lettres, Arts et Sciences Humaines, 5, 93-119.
[8]
Rodier, J., Legube, B. and Merlet, N. (2009) L’analyse de l’eau. 9ème Édition, Dunod, 1579.
[9]
Ivey, J.L., de Loë, R., Kreutzwiser, R. and Ferreyra, C. (2006) An Institutional Perspective on Local Capacity for Source Water Protection. Geoforum, 37, 944-957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.05.001
[10]
Hnini, R., Ihbour, S., Ouhida, L., Mouhamed, M., Chaoui, A. A., Chigr, F. and Najimi, M. (2019) Évaluation de la qualité microbiologique des différentes eaux potables marocaines dans la région de Beni Mellal. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 7, 110-119.
[11]
MakhloufI, A. and Abdelouahid, D.J. (2011) Etude de la Qualite Physicochimique et Microbiologique de l’Eau Potable dans la Ville de Bechar. Sud Ouest Algerie. 1er Séminaire International sur la Ressource en Eau au Sahara: Evaluation, Economie et Protection, Ouargla, 19 et 20 January 2011, 355-364.
[12]
Ouattara, A., Meite, A., Dally, T., Ouattara, H. and Kati-Coulibaly, S. (2012) Study of the Quality of Drinking Water in the Locality of N’Zianouan s/p of Tiassalé and the Precarious Neighborhoods of Three Communes of the District of Abidjan (Koumassi, Treich-ville, Attécoubé). Journal of Applied Biosciences, 102, 9708-9715.
[13]
Yapo, O.B., Mambo, V., Seka, A., Ohou, M.J.A., Konan, F., Gouzile, V., Tidou, A.S., Kouame, K.V. and Houenou, P. (2010) Assessment of the Quality of Well Water for Domestic Use in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods of Four Communes of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire): Koumassi, Marcory, Port-Bouet and Treichville. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4, 289-307.
[14]
John, P.H. and Donald, A.K. (2010) Microbiologie. 3ème Édition, DE BOECK SUP, 1216.
[15]
N’guetta J.P. (2017) Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Two Techniques for “Home Water Treatment” of Drinking Water from Wells and Boreholes in the Nawa and San Pedro Regions. Ph.D. Thesis, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University.
[16]
Chippaux, J.P., Houssier, S., Gross, P., Bouvier, C. and Brissaud, F. (2002) Etude de la pollution de l’eau souterraine de la ville de Niamey, Niger. Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique, 94, 119-123.
[17]
Ella, J.B., Assako, A.R.J. and Ndock, N.G. (2009) Alimentation en eau et vulnérabilité des populations aux maladies hydriques à Mbalmayo, ville périmétropolitaine de Yaoundé (Cameroun). Groupe de recherche sur les villes d’Afrique (GREVA). École normale supérieure, Université de Yaoundé I, Communication Association d’écologie humaine d’Afrique, AEHA.
[18]
Dansou, B.S. and Odoulami, L. (2015) Facteurs de dégradation des eaux de puits à usage domestique dans la commune de Pobè au Sud-Est du Bénin. AfriqueScience, 11, 367-376.
[19]
Coumare, K., Diallo, T., Siby, L., Haidara, A., Traoré, M., Coulibaly, M., et al. (2018) La qualité bactériologique des eaux de consommation (forages et puits) dans trois cercles de la région de Koulikoro, Mal. RevueMalienned’InfectiologieetdeMicrobiologie, No. 1, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.53597/remim.v0i1.983
[20]
Djuikom, E., Temgoua, E., Jugnia, L., Nola, M. and Baane, M. (2010) Pollution bactériologique des puits d’eau utilisés par les populations dans la Communauté Urbaine de Douala—Cameroun. InternationalJournalofBiologicalandChemicalSciences, 3, 967-978. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v3i5.51076
[21]
Alhabo, A.A. (2015) Etude qualitative des eaux de forages manuels réalisés dans la zone périurbaine de la ville de N’Djaména/Tchad. Ph.D. Thesis, Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement.
[22]
Gounot, A.M. (1994) Microbial Ecology of Groundwaters. In: Gibert, J., Danielopol, D.L. and Stanford, J.A., Eds., GroundwaterEcology, Elsevier, 189-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-050762-0.50014-0
[23]
Bitton, G. (1999) Wastewater Microbiology. 2nd Edition, Wiley, 578.
[24]
Charriere, G., Mossel, D.A.A., Beaudeau, P. and Leclerc, H. (1994) Assessment of the Marker Value of Various Components of the Coli-aerogenes Group of Enterobacteriaceae and of a Selection of Enterococcus spp. for the Official Monitoring of Drinking Water Supplies. JournalofAppliedBacteriology, 76, 336-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb01637.x
[25]
Rabearisoa, A.H., Harinandrasana, V., Rabearisoa, H., Rakotozafy, J.C.R., Razanamparany, B. and Randimbiarison, S.N. (2024) Risques sanitaires liés à la qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique de l’eau de source souterraine d’Igaga, Fianarantsoa (Madagascar). InternationalJournalofBiologicalandChemicalSciences, 17, 3037-3046. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i7.33
[26]
National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (2004) Study of the Risk of Gastroenteritis in Families Using Water from a Domestic Well; Study on the Quality of Drinking Water in Seven Watersheds with Excess Manure and Potential Health Impacts. Biological, Environmental and Occupational Risks Division National Institute of Public Health of Quebec and Public Health Research Unit CHUL Research Center (CHUQ).
