|
|
间隔学习研究综述
|
Abstract:
间隔学习作为认知心理学中的一个重要研究领域，近年来受到广泛关注。研究发现，通过在学习过程中设置一定的时间间隔来重复学习内容，可以取得比连续集中学习更好的记忆效果。本文拟通过对近年来间隔学习领域的相关文献进行综述，围绕间隔学习的概念与理论基础、影响因素、应用实证以及展望等方面进行论述。概括国内外在这一领域的最新研究进展和存在的不足之处，为心理学研究者对间隔学习效应及其潜在应用提供一个参考，也希望能对已有理论形成一定补充，推动间隔学习研究的深入开展。
As an important research field in cognitive psychology, spaced learning has received widespread attention in recent years. Research has found that by setting certain time intervals to repeat learning content during the learning process, better memory effects can be achieved than con-tinuous concentrated learning. This article intends to review relevant literature in the field of spaced learning in recent years and discuss the concepts and theoretical foundations, influencing factors, application evidence, and prospects of spaced learning. This article summarizes the latest research progress and shortcomings in this field at home and abroad, providing a reference for psychological researchers on the effect of spaced learning and its potential applications. It is also hoped that it can supplement existing theories and promote the in-depth development of spaced learning research.
| [1] | Ebbinghaus, H. (1913) Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Teachers College Press, New York.
https://doi.org/10.1037/10011-000 |
| [2] | Madigan, S.A. (1969) Intraserial Repetition and Coding Processes in Free Recall. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 8, 828-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80050-2 |
| [3] | Underwood, B.J. (1969) Some Correlates of Item Repetition in Free-Recall Learning. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 8, 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80015-0 |
| [4] | Melton, A.W. (1970) The Situation with Respect to the Spacing of Repetitions and Memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 9, 596-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(70)80107-4 |
| [5] | Glenberg, A.M. (1976) Monotonic and Nonmonotonic Lag Effects in Paired-Associate and Recognition Memory Paradigms. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 15, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(76)90002-5 |
| [6] | Carpenter, S.K. and Delosh, E.L. (2006) Impoverished Cue Support Enhances Subsequent Retention: Support for the Elaborative Retrieval Explanation of the Testing Effect. Memory & Cognition, 34, 268-276.
https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193405 |
| [7] | Cepeda, N.J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J.T. and Rohrer, D. (2006) Distributed Practice in Verbal Recall Tasks: A Review and Quantitative Synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 354-380.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 |
| [8] | Pyc, M.A. and Dunlosky, J. (2010) Toward an Understanding of Students’ Allocation of Study Time: Why Do They Decide to Mass Or Space Their Practice? Memory & Cognition, 38, 431-440. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.4.431 |
| [9] | Pavlik Jr., P.I. and Anderson, J.R. (2005) Practice and Forgetting Effects on Vocabulary Memory: An Activation-Based Model of the Spacing Effect. Cognitive Science, 29, 559-586.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_14 |
| [10] | Rohrer, D. and Pashler, H. (2007) Increasing Retention without Increasing Study Time. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 183-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00500.x |
| [11] | Hintzman, D.L. and Block, R.A. (1973) Memory for the Spacing of Repetitions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 99, 70-74. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034761 |
| [12] | Dempster, F.N. (1989) Spacing Effects and Their Implications for Theory and Practice. Educational Psychology Review, 1, 309-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01320097 |
| [13] | Hintzman, D.L. (1974) Theoretical Implications of the Spacing Effect. In: Solso, R.L., Ed., Theories in Cognitive Psychology, Routledge, London, 77-99. |
| [14] | D’Agostino, P.R. and DeRemer, P. (1973) Repetition Effects as a Function of Rehearsal and Encoding Variability. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 12, 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80066-0 |
| [15] | Elmes, D.G., Sanders, L.W. and Dovel, J.C. (1973) Isolation of Massed- and Distributed-Practice Items. Memory & Cognition, 1, 77-79. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198073 |
| [16] | Callan, D.E. and Schweighofer, N. (2010) Neural Correlates of the Spacing Effect in Explicit Verbal Semantic Encoding Support the Deficient-Processing Theory. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 645-659. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20894 |
| [17] | Kim, M.S., Kim, J.J. and Kwon, J.S. (2001) The Effect of Immediate and Delayed Word Repetition on Event-Related Potential in a Continuous Recognition Task. Cognitive Brain Research, 11, 387-396.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00011-8 |
| [18] | Van Strien, J.W, Verkoeijen, P.P.J.L., van der Meer, N. and Franken, I.H.A. (2007) Electrophysiological Correlates of Word Repetition Spacing: ERP and Induced Band Power Old/New Effects with Massed and Spaced Repetitions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66, 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.07.003 |
| [19] | Xue, G., Mei, L., Chen, C., Lu, Z.L., Poldrack, R. and Dong, Q. (2011) Spaced Learning Enhances Subsequent Recognition Memory by Reducing Neural Repetition Suppression. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 1624-1633.
https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21532 |
| [20] | Zhao, X., Wang, C., Liu, Q., Xiao, X., Jiang, T., Chen, C. and Xue, G. (2015) Neural Mechanisms of the Spacing Effect in Episodic Memory: A Parallel EEG and FMRI Study. Cortex, 69, 76-92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.002 |
| [21] | Koval, N. (2019) Testing the Deficient Processing Account of the Spacing Effect in Second Language Vocabulary Learning: Evidence from Eye Tracking. Applied Psycholinguistics, 40, 1103-1139.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716419000158 |
| [22] | Postman, L. and Knecht, K. (1983) Encoding Variability and Retention. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 22, 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90101-9 |
| [23] | Verkoeijen, P.P., Rikers, R.M. and Schmidt, H.G. (2005) The Effects of Prior Knowledge on Study-Time Allocation and Free Recall: Investigating the Discrepancy Reduction Model. The Journal of Psychology, 139, 67-79.
https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.1.67-79 |
| [24] | Bjork, R.A. (1988) Retrieval Practice and the Maintenance of Know-ledge. In: Gruneberg, M.M., Morris, P.E. and Sykes, R.N., Eds., Practical Aspects of Memory: Current Research and Issues, Vol. 1. Memory in Everyday Life, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 396-401. |
| [25] | Appleton-Knapp, S.L., Bjork, R.A. and Wickens, T.D. (2005) Examining the Spacing Effect in Advertising: Encoding Variability, Retrieval Processes, and Their Interaction. Journal of Consumer Research, 32, 266-276.
https://doi.org/10.1086/432236 |
| [26] | Kim, A.S.N., Wiseheart, M., Wong-Kee-You, A.M.B., Le, B.T., Moreno, S. and Rosenbaum, R.S. (2020) Specifying the Neural Basis of the Spacing Effect with Multivariate ERP. Neuropsychologia, 146, Article ID: 107550.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107550 |
| [27] | Kirsner, K., Smith, M.C., Lockhart, R.S., King, M.L. and Jain, M. (1984) The Bilingual Lexicon: Language-Specific Units in an Integrated Network. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 23, 519-539.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90336-0 |
| [28] | Cornoldi, C. and Longoni, A. (1977) The MP-DP Effect and the Influence of Distinct Repetitions on Recognition of Random Shapes. Italian Journal of Psychology, 4, 65-76. |
| [29] | Mammarella, N., Russo, R. and Avons, S.E. (2002) Spacing Effects in Cued-Memory Tasks for Unfamiliar Faces and Nonwords. Memory & Cognition, 30, 1238-1251. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213406 |
| [30] | Russo, R., Parkin, A.J., Taylor, S.R. and Wilks, J. (1998) Revising Current Two-Process Accounts of Spacing Effects in Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 161-172.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.24.1.161 |
| [31] | Russo, R., Mammarella, N. and Avons, S.E. (2002) Toward a Unified Account of Spacing Effects in Explicit Cued-Memory Tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 819-829.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.28.5.819 |
| [32] | Moss, V.D. (1995) The Efficacy of Massed Versus Distributed Practice as a Function of Desired Learning Outcomes and Grade Level of the Student. Master’s Thesis, Utah State University, Logan. |
| [33] | Janiszewski, C., Noel, H. and Sawyer, A.G. (2003) A Meta-Analysis of the Spacing Effect in Verbal Learning: Implications for Research on Advertising Repetition and Consumer Memory. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 138-149.
https://doi.org/10.1086/374692 |
| [34] | Donovan, J.J. and Radosevich, D.J. (1999) A Meta-Analytic Review of the Distribution of Practice Effect: Now You See It, Now You Don’t. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 795-805. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.5.795 |
| [35] | Katz, J.J., Ando, M. and Wiseheart, M. (2021) Optimizing Song Retention through the Spacing Effect. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6, Article No. 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00345-7 |
| [36] | Wegener, S., Wang, H.C., Beyersmann, E., Nation, K., Colenbrander, D. and Castles, A. (2022) The Effects of Spacing and Massing on Children’s Orthographic Learning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 214, Article ID: 105309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105309 |
| [37] | Grant, A.M. (2007) Enhancing Coaching Skills and Emotional Intelligence through Training. Industrial and Commercial Training, 39, 257-266. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850710761945 |
| [38] | Budé, L.M., Imbos, T., Van De Wiel, M.W. and Berger, M.P.F. (2011) The Effect of Distributed Practice on Students’ Conceptual Understanding of Statistics. Higher Education, 62, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9366-y |
| [39] | Rohrer, D. and Taylor, K. (2006) The Effects of Overlearning and Distributed Practise on the Retention of Mathematics Knowledge. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 1209-1224. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1266 |
| [40] | Simanton, E. and Hansen, L. (2012) Long-Term Retention of Information across the Undergraduate Medical School Curriculum. South Dakota Medicine, 65, 261-263. |
| [41] | Kerfoot, B.P., Fu, Y., Baker, H., Connelly, D., Ritchey, M.L. and Genega, E.M. (2010) Online Spaced Education Generates Transfer and Improves Long-Term Retention of Diagnostic Skills: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 211, 331-337.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.04.023 |
| [42] | Aluisio, L., Yieh, L., Wajs, E., Dibernardo, A.B., Krystal, A.D., Drevets, W.C., Wu, Y., Gogate, J.P., Daly, E.J., Zannikos, P., Curran, V., Chen, G. and Singh, J. (2020) 142 Withdrawal Symptom Assessment in an Esketamine Safety Study in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression. CNS Spectrums, 25, 290.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852920000589 |
