全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Noncognitive Impact: Is There a Rationale for Assessing Postsecondary Students beyond Their Cognitive Skill Attainment?

DOI: 10.4236/ce.2024.152020, PP. 325-345

Keywords: Noncognitive Factors, Belonging, Impostor Syndrome, Stereotype Threat, In-tersectionality, Mindset

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Noncognitive factors shape how people interact and perform in various settings and have received increased scholarly attention as academicians seek to holistically serve students pursuing postsecondary educational opportunities. This literature review aims to 1) better understand the rationale of assessing students beyond their cognitive skill attainment and 2) explore research evaluating the role of noncognitive skills in students’ ability to persist in their educational studies and career skills attainment. Research demonstrates that exploring social-psychological phenomena, including a sense of belonging, impostor syndrome, stereotype threat, intersectionality, and mindset, may help understand students’ experiences.

References

[1]  Anghel, B., Cuadrado, P., & Tagliati, F. (2022). Why Are Cognitive Test Scores of Spanish Adults So Low? The Role of Schooling and Socioeconomic Background. Education Economics, 30, 364-383.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2021.1978935
[2]  Ball, S. J., Rollock, N., Vincent, C., & Gillborn, D. (2013). Social Mix, Schooling and Intersectionality: Identity and Risk for Black Middle Class Families. Research Papers in Education, 28, 265-288.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2011.641998
[3]  Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavior Change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
[4]  Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
[5]  Bernardi, F. (2012). Unequal Transitions: Selection Bias and the Compensatory Effect of Social Background in Educational Careers. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 30, 159-174.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2011.05.005
[6]  Blackwell, L., Trzesniewski, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention. Child Development, 78, 246-263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x
[7]  Bowman, N. A., Miller, A., Woosley, S., Maxwell, N. P., & Kolze, M. J. (2019). Understanding the Link between Noncognitive Attributes and College Retention. Research in Higher Education, 60, 135-152.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-018-9508-0
[8]  Bradburn, J., & Schmitt, N. (2019). Combining Cognitive and Noncognitive Predictors and Impact on Selected Individual Demographics: An Illustration. International Journal of Selection & Assessment, 27, 21-30.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12234
[9]  Bramer, W. M., De Jonge, G. B., Rethlefsen, M. L., Mast, F., & Kleijnen, J. (2018). A Systematic Approach to Searching: An Efficient and Complete Method to Develop Literature Searches. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 106, 531-541.
https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2018.283
[10]  Branch, A., & Young, R. (2006). Ethnic Identity Development of African Americans: Experiences in Search of a Paradigm. Western Journal of Black Studies, 30, 160-170.
[11]  Butler-Sweet, C. (2011). A Healthy Black Identity: Transracial Adoption, Middle-Class Families, and Racial Socialization. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 42, 193-212.
https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.42.2.193
[12]  Cadman, C., & Brewer, J. (2001). Emotional Intelligence: A Vital Prerequisite for Recruitment in Nursing. Journal of Nursing Management, 9, 321-324.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0966-0429.2001.00261.x
[13]  Chiesi, F., Galli, S., Primi, C., Innocenti Borgi, P., & Bonacchi, A. (2013). The Accuracy of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) in Measuring Dispositional Optimism: Evidence from Item Response Theory Analyses. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 523-529.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.781029
[14]  Clance, P. R. (1985a). The Impostor Phenomenon: When Success Makes You Feel Like a Fake. N Bantam Books.
[15]  Clance, P. R. (1985b). The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming the Fear That Haunts Your Success. Peachtree Publishers.
[16]  Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The Imposter Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 15, 241-247.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086006
[17]  Clance, P. R., & O’Toole, M. A. (1987). The Impostor Phenomenon: An Internal Barrier to Empowerment and Achievement. Women and Therapy: A Feminist Quarterly, 6, 51-64.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J015V06N03_05
[18]  Collins, S. (2013). Emotional Intelligence as a Noncognitive Factor in Student Registered Nurse Anesthetists. AANA Journal, 81, 465-472.
[19]  Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, Article 8.
http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
[20]  Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241-1299.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
[21]  Decker, S. E., Nich, C., Carroll, K. M., & Martino, S. (2014). Development of the Therapist Empathy Scale. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42, 339-354.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465813000039
[22]  Dember, W. N., & Brooks, I. (1989). A New Instrument for Measuring Optimism and Pessimism: Test-Retest Reliability and Relations with Happiness and Religious Commitment. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 365-366.
https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334629
[23]  DeProspero Rogers, P. (2014). Beyond Grades and Scores: Expanding the Role of Emotional Intelligence. Journal of College Admission, 224, 6-10.
[24]  Dweck, C. S. (2007). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success: How We Can Learn to Fulfill Our Potential: Parenting, Business, School, Relationships. Ballentine Books.
[25]  Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
[26]  Elwick, J. (2021). Making a Grade: Victorian Examinations and the Rise of Standardized Testing. University of Toronto Press.
https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487539344
[27]  French, B. F., & Oakes, W. (2004). Reliability and Validity Evidence for the Institutional Integration Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 88-98.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403258458
[28]  French, B. F., Immekus, J. C., & Oakes, W. C. (2005). An Examination of Indicators of Engineering Students’ Success and Persistence. Journal of Engineering Education, 94, 419-425.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2005.tb00869.x
[29]  Gil-Hernández, C. J. (2021). The (Unequal) Interplay between Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills in Early Educational Attainment. American Behavioral Scientist, 65, 1577-1598.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996764
[30]  Gottfried, A. E. (1985). Academic Intrinsic Motivation in Elementary and Junior High School Students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 631-645.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.77.6.631
[31]  Gutman, L. M., & Schoon, I. (2014). The Impact of Non-Cognitive Skills on Outcomes for Young People Literature Review. Institute of Education University of London.
[32]  Haimovitz, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2017). The Origins of Children’s Growth and Fixed Mindsets New Research and a New Proposal. Child Development, 88, 1849-1859.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12955
[33]  Harvey, J. C. (1981). The Impostor Phenomenon and Achievement: A Failure to Internalize Success. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University.
https://doi.org/10.1037/t01755-000
[34]  Heckman, J. J. (2007). The Economics, Technology, and Neuroscience of Human Capability Formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 13250-13255.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701362104
[35]  Hill, L. (2019). Less Talk, More Action: How Law Schools Can Counteract Racial Bias of LSAT Scores in the Admissions Process. University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class, 19, 313-338.
[36]  Hogan, J., Davies, S., & Hogan, R. (2007). Generalizing Personality-Based Validity Evidence. In S. M. McPhail (Ed.), Alternative Validation Strategies (pp. 181-229). Jossey-Bass.
[37]  Hsieh, T., Simpkins, S. D., & Eccles, J. S. (2021). Gender by Racial/Ethnic Intersectionality in the Patterns of Adolescents’ Math Motivation and Their Math Achievement and Engagement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 66, Article 101974.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101974
[38]  Izaak, A. R. (2002). The Prediction of Clinical Competence in Clinical Psychology Graduate Students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Chicago School of Professional Psychology.
[39]  Jiang, H., Curcio, A. A., & D’Haene, K. (2019). A Preliminary Study Looking beyond LSAT and LGPA: Factors during the Bar Study Period That May Affect Bar Exam Passage.
https://www.airweb.org/docs/default-source/documents-for-pages/accesslex/curcioscholarlypaper-2.pdf
[40]  Johnston, G. M. P. (2016). Embracing the Messiness: Critical and Diverse Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Identity Development. New Directions for Student Services, No. 154, 43-55.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20174
[41]  Jones, A., & Crandall, R. (1986). Validation of a Short Index of Self-Actualization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 63-73.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167286121007
[42]  Kell, H. J., Martin-Raugh, M. P., Carney, L. M., Inglese, P. A., Chen, L., & Feng, G. (2017). Exploring Methods for Developing Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales for Evaluating Structured Interview Performance (pp. 1-26). ETS Research Report Series.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ets2.12152
[43]  Khan, K. S., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., & Antes, G. (2003). Five Steps to Conducting a Systematic Review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96, 118-121.
https://doi.org/10.1177/014107680309600304
[44]  Kirby, L. A. J., & Thomas, C. L. (2022). High-Impact Teaching Practices Foster a Greater Sense of Belonging in the College Classroom. Journal of Further & Higher Education, 46, 368-381.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1950659
[45]  Kolligian, J., & Sternberg, R. J. (1991). Perceived Fraudulence in Young Adults: Is There an “Imposter Syndrome”? Journal of Personality Assessment, 56, 308-326.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5602_10
[46]  Leary, M. R., Patton, K. M., Orlando, A. E., Funk, W. W., Leary, M. R., Patton, K. M., Orlando, A. E., & Funk, W. W. (2000). The Impostor Phenomenon: Self-Perceptions, Reflected Appraisals, and Interpersonal Strategies. Journal of Personality, 68, 725-756.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00114
[47]  Lee, S. J. Miller, H. A., & Moon, J. (2004). Exploring the Forensic Use of the Emotional Recognition Test (ERT). International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 48, 664-682.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X04266278
[48]  Maftei, A., Dumitriu, A., & Holman, A.-C. (2021). “They Will Discover I’m a Fraud!” The Impostor Syndrome among Psychology Students. Studia Psychologica, 63, 337-351.
https://doi.org/10.31577/sp.2021.04.831
[49]  Mak, K., Kleitman, S., & Abbott, M. J. (2019). Impostor Phenomenon Measurement Scales: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 671.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00671
[50]  Matthews, A., & Clance, P. R. (1985). Treatment of the Impostor Phenomenon in Psychotherapy Clients. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 3, 71-81.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J294v03n01_09
[51]  McBeath, M., Drysdale, M. T. B., & Bohn, N. (2018). Work-Integrated Learning and the Importance of Peer Support and Sense of Belonging. Education + Training, 60, 39-53.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2017-0070
[52]  McCarthy, J. M., & Goffin, R. D. (2001). Improving the Validity of Letters of Recommendation: An Investigation of Three Standardized Reference Forms. Military Psychology, 13, 199-222.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327876MP1304_2
[53]  Noble, K. G., Hart, E. R., & Sperber, J. F. (2021). Socioeconomic Disparities and Neuroplasticity: Moving toward Adaptation, Intersectionality, and Inclusion. American Psychologist, 76, 1486-1495.
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000934
[54]  Osmani Ballazhi, S. (2015). Family Socialization and Ethnic Identity Development. Vizione, 24, 267-276.
[55]  Pachaiappan, S., Tee, M. Y., & Low, W. Y. (2023). Hypnosis Interventions for Reducing Test Anxiety among Students: A Systematic Review. Cogent Psychology, 10, Article 2281745.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2023.2281745
[56]  Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic Identity in Adolescents and Adults: A Review of Research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499-514.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
[57]  Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A New Scale for Use with Diverse Groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156-176.
https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489272003
[58]  Phinney, J. S. (1993). A Three-Stage Model of Ethnic Identity Development in Adolescence. In M. E. Bernal, & G. P. Knight (Eds.), Ethnic Identity: Formation and Transmission among Hispanics and Other Minorities (pp. 61-79). SUNY Press.
[59]  Phinney, J. S. (1996a). When We Talk About American Ethnic Groups, What Do We Mean? American Psychologist, 51, 918-927.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.51.9.918
[60]  Phinney, J. S. (1996b). Understanding Ethnic Diversity. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 143-152.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764296040002005
[61]  Pinderhughes, E. E., Zhang, X., & Agerbak, S. (2015). “American” or “Multiethnic”? Family Ethnic Identity among Transracial Adoptive Families, Ethnic-Racial Socialization, and Children’s Self-Perception. New Directions for Child & Adolescent Development, No. 150, 5-18.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20118
[62]  Razavipour, K., Habibollahi, P., & Vahdat, S. (2021). Preparing for the Higher Education Admission Test: Preparation Practices and Test Takers’ Achievement Goal Orientations. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 46, 312-325.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2020.1773392
[63]  Schneider, J., & Gottlieb, D. (2021). In Praise of Ordinary Measures: The Present Limits and Future Possibilities of Educational Accountability. Educational Theory, 71, 455-473.
https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12488
[64]  Scott, A. H., Chase L. M., Lefkowitz, R., Morton-Rias, D., Chambers, C., Joe, J. et al. (1995). A Nationalsurvey of Admissions Criteria and Processes in Selected Allied Health Professions. Journal of Allied Health, 24, 95-106.
[65]  Sedlacek, W. E. (2004). Beyond the Big Test: Noncognitive Assessment in Higher Education. Jossey-Bass.
[66]  Shultz, M. M., & Zedeck, S. (2011). Predicting Lawyer Effectiveness: Broadening the Basis for Law School Admission Decisions. Law & Social Inquiry, 36, 620-661.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01245.x
[67]  Smith, K. C., Boakye, B., Williams, D., & Fleming, L. (2019). The Exploration of How Identity Intersectionality Strengthens STEM Identity for Black Female Undergraduates Attending a Historically Black College and University (HBCU). Journal of Negro Education, 88, 407-418.
https://doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.88.3.0407
[68]  Snyder, M. (1974). Self-Monitoring of Expressive Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526-537.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037039
[69]  Snyder, M., & Gangestad, S. (1986). On the Nature of Self-Monitoring: Matters of Assessment, Matters of Validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 125-139.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.125
[70]  Steele, C. M. (1992). Race and the Schooling of Black Americans. The Atlantic Monthly, 68-78.
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1992/04/race-and-the-schooling-of-black-americans/306073/
[71]  Steele, C. M. (2011). Stereotype Threat and African-American Student Achievement. In D. Grusky, & S. Szelenyi (Eds.), The Inequality Reader: Contemporary and Foundational Readings in Race, Class, and Gender (2nd ed., pp. 276-281). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494468-31
[72]  Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
[73]  Testy, K. (2019). Report from LSAC: Assessing Non-Cognitive Skills and Other Research (pp. 5-6).
https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_education_and_admissions_to_the_bar/council_reports_and_resolutions/august-2019/19-aug-lsac-report.pdf
[74]  Waitoller, F. R., & Artiles, A. J. (2013). A Decade of Professional Development Research for Inclusive Education: A Critical Review and Notes for a Research Program. Review of Educational Research, 83, 319-356.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313483905
[75]  Walzer, M., Dustman, K., Langer, D., Hegarty, M., Camilli, G., & Gallagher, A. (2019). LSAC 2018 Skills Analysis Study: Content Validity of the LSAT. Law School Admission Council, RR 19-01,
https://www.lsac.org/system/files/inline-files/skills-analysis-study-2018-rr-19-01.pdf
[76]  Westoby, C., Dyson, J., Cowdell, F., & Buescher, T. (2021). What Are the Barriers and Facilitators to Success for Female Academics in UK HEIs? A Narrative Review. Gender & Education, 33, 1033-1056.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2021.1884198
[77]  Williams, R., Smiley, E., Davis, R., & Lamb, T. (2018). The Predictability of Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Factors on the Retention Rate among Freshmen College Students. Journal of Negro Education, 87, 326-337.
https://doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.87.3.0326
[78]  Wood, P. S., Smith, A. L., Altmaier, E. M., Tarico, V. S., & Franken, E. A. (1990). A Prospective Study of Cognitive and Noncognitive Selection Criteria as Predictors of Resident Performance. Investigative Radiology, 25, 855-859.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004424-199007000-00018

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133