Recognizing the composition and modulation of the microbiome, a viable
therapeutic tool for multi-targeted therapy is a new strategy that has recently
been explored. Glucosamine (GS) is being studied for its prebiotic potential in
addition to being the most abundant and naturally occurring amino monosaccharide.
The current study focuses on glucosamine’s
prebiotic potential by assessing the stability of various GS concentrations (1% -5%) in
the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its ability to be fermented by the gut
microbiota. The results showed that GS stimulated the most growth in L.
acidophilus even after a longer incubation
time than B. bifidum and L. acidophilus growth was
concentration-dependent, with maximum growth at 3% with a simultaneous decrease
in pH(5.6 - 1.7). The decrease in GS concentration with time also represented
the growth of bacterial species, demonstrating the species’ utilization of GS.
Furthermore, at 3%, GS also represented the prebiotic index of 1.9. In
addition, the concentration of GS in various simulated GIT fluids was estimated
in both fast and fed conditions to examine GS stability at various levels in
the gut. The results showed that GS remained unaffected and non-digestible in
all of the simulated GIT fluids (salivary, gastric, intestinal, and colonic),
but there was a slight decrease in GS concentration (2.8%) in the fasted state
of gastric fluid due to low pH levels (1.6). As a result, the findings are
conclusive and suggest that GS possesses prebioticproperties.
References
[1]
Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M.A. and Severi, C. (2015) The Gut-Brain Axis: Interactions between Enteric Microbiota, Central and Enteric Nervous Systems. Annals of Gastroenterology, 28, 203-209.
[2]
Caballero-Villarraso, J., Galvan, A., Escribano, B.M. and Tunez, I. (2017) Interrelationships among Gut Microbiota and Host: Paradigms, Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Future Prospects. CNS & Neurological Disorders—Drug Targets, 16, 945-964. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527316666170714120118
[3]
Arora, K., Green, M. and Prakash, S. (2020) The Microbiome and Alzheimer’s Disease: Potential and Limitations of Prebiotic, Synbiotic, and Probiotic Formulations. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, Article ID: 537847. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.537847
[4]
Elieh-Ali-Komi, D. and Hamblin, M.R. (2016) Chitin and Chitosan: Production and Application of Versatile Biomedical Nanomaterials. International Journal of Advanced Research (Indore), 4, 411-427.
[5]
Reginster, J.Y., Neuprez, A., Lecart, M.P., Sarlet, N. and Bruyere, O. (2012) Role of Glucosamine in the Treatment for Osteoarthritis. Rheumatology International, 32, 2959-2967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-012-2416-2
[6]
Sun, R.C., Young, L.E.A., Bruntz, R.C., et al. (2021) Brain Glycogen Serves as a Critical Glucosamine Cache Required for Protein Glycosylation. Cell Metabolism, 33, 1404-1417.e1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.003
[7]
Mousavi, S.H., Bakhtiari, E., Hosseini, A. and Jamialahmadi, K. (2018) Protective Effects of Glucosamine and Its Acetylated Derivative on Serum/Glucose Deprivation-Induced PC12 Cells Death: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-5362.223794
[8]
Ibrahim, A., Gilzad-kohan, M.H., Aghazadeh-Habashi, A. and Jamali, F. (2012) Absorption and Bioavailability of Glucosamine in the Rat. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 101, 2574-2583. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.23145
[9]
Kim, Y.H., Nakayama, T. and Nayak, J. (2018) Glycolysis and the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway as Novel Targets for Upper and Lower Airway Inflammation. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research, 10, 6-11. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2018.10.1.6
[10]
Moye, Z.D., Burne, R.A. and Zeng, L. (2014) Uptake and Metabolism of N-Acetylglucosamine and Glucosamine by Streptococcus mutans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80, 5053-5067. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00820-14
[11]
Palframan, R.J., Gibson, G.R. and Rastall, R.A. (2003) Carbohydrate Preferences of Bifidobacterium Species Isolated from the Human Gut. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology, 4, 71-75.
[12]
Karp, P.D., et al. (2019) The BioCyc Collection of Microbial Genomes and Metabolic Pathways. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 20, 1085-1093.
[13]
Michal, G. and Schomburg, D. (2012) Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2nd Edition, Wiley, Hoboken.
[14]
Egan, M. and Van Sinderen, D. (2018) Chapter 8. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Bifidobacteria In: Mattarelli, P., Biavati, B., Holzapfel, W.H. and Wood, B.J.B., Eds., The Bifidobacteria and Related Organisms, Academic Press, Cambridge, 145-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805060-6.00008-9
[15]
Pokusaeva, K., Fitzgerald, G.F. and van Sinderen, D. (2011) Carbohydrate Metabolism in Bifidobacteria. Genes & Nutrition, 6, 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263-010-0206-6
[16]
Bonaz, B., Bazin, T. and Pellissier, S. (2018) The Vagus Nerve at the Interface of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, 49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00049
[17]
Kaelberer, M.M., Rupprecht, L.E., Liu, W.W., Weng, P. and Bohórquez, D.V. (2020) Neuropod Cells: The Emerging Biology of Gut-Brain Sensory Transduction. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 43, 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-091619-022657
[18]
Belorkar, S.A. and Gupta, A.K. (2016) Oligosaccharides: A Boon from Nature’s Desk. AMB Express, 6, 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-016-0253-5
[19]
Guentzel, M.N., Escherichia, K., et al. (1996) Medical Microbiology. University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.
[20]
Navarro, S.L., Levy, L., Curtis, K.R., Lampe, J.W. and Hullar, M.A.J. (2019) Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Glucosamine and Chondroitin in a Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Trial in Humans. Microorganisms, 7, 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120610
[21]
Miller, G.L. (1959) Use of Dinitrosalicylic Acid Reagent for Determination of Reducing Sugar. Analytical Chemistry, 31, 426-428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030
[22]
Dinakar, P., Mistry, V.V. (1994) Growth and Viability of Bifidobacterium bifidum in Cheddar Cheese. Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 2854-2864. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77225-8
[23]
De Man, J.C., Rogosa, M. and Sharpe, M.E. (1960) A Medium for the Cultivation of Lactobacilli. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 23, 130-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1960.tb00188.x
[24]
Mizuno, K., Mizuno, M., Yamauchi, M., Takemura, A.J., Medrano Romero, V. and Morikawa, K. (2017) Adjacent-Possible Ecological Niche: Growth of Lactobacillus Species Co-Cultured with Escherichia coli in a Synthetic Minimal Medium. Scientific Reports, 7, Article No. 12880. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12894-3
[25]
Saulnier, D.M.A., Gibson, G.R. and Kolida, S. (2008) In Vitro Effects of Selected Synbiotics on the Human Faecal Microbiota Composition. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 66, 516-527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00561.x
[26]
Sánchez-Clemente, R., Igeño, M.I., Población, A.G., Guijo, M.I., Merchán, F. and Blasco, R. (2018) Study of pH Changes in Media during Bacterial Growth of Several Environmental Strains. Proceedings, 2, 1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2201297
[27]
Palframan, R., Gibson, G.R., Rastall, R.A. (2003) Development of a Quantitative Tool for the Comparison of the Prebiotic Effect of Dietary Oligosaccharides. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 37, 281-284. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01398.x
[28]
Gibson, G.R., Probert, H.M., Loo, J.V., Rastall, R.A. and Roberfroid, M.B. (2004) Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota: Updating the Concept of Prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews, 17, 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200479
[29]
Sensoy, I. (2021) A Review on the Food Digestion in the Digestive Tract and the Used in Vitro Models. Current Research in Food Science, 4, 308-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.04.004
[30]
Yadav, S., et al. (2014) In Vitro Screening of Indigenous Plant Materials for Prebiotic Potential. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3, 137-150.
[31]
Duffó, G.S. and Quezada Castillo, E. (2004) Development of an Artificial Saliva Solution for Studying the Corrosion Behavior of Dental Alloys. Corrosion, 60, 594-602. https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3287764
[32]
Gittings, S., Turnbull, N., Henry, B., Roberts, C.J. and Gershkovich, P. (2015) Characterisation of Human Saliva as a Platform for Oral Dissolution Medium Development. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 91, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.007
[33]
Jantratid, E., et al. (2008) Biorelevant Dissolution Media Simulating the Proximal Human Gastrointestinal Tract: An Update. Pharmaceutical Research, 25, 1663-1676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9569-4
[34]
Jantratid, E., Janssen, N., Reppas, C. and Dressman, J.B. (2008) Dissolution Media Simulating Conditions in the Proximal Human Gastrointestinal Tract: An Update. Pharmaceutical Research, 25, 1663-1676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9569-4
Margareth, R.C., Marques, R.L. and Almukainzi, M. (2011) Simulated Biological Fluids with Possible Application in Dissolution Testing. Dissolution Technologies, 18, 15-28. https://doi.org/10.14227/DT180311P15
[37]
Proano, M., Camilleri, M., Phillips, S.F., Brown, M.L. and Thomforde, G.M. (1990) Transit of Solids through the Human Colon: Regional Quantification in the Unprepared Bowel. American Journal of Physiology, 258, G856-G862. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.258.6.G856
[38]
Barrangou, R., Altermann, E., Hutkins, R., Cano, R. and Klaenhammer, T.R. (2003) Functional and Comparative Genomic Analyses of an Operon Involved in Fructooligosaccharide Utilization by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 8957-8962. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1332765100
