In the article entitled “Neutral Tone in Chinese: A Comprehensive Theory” published in the present journal, neutral tone in Chinese was interpreted entirely in light of enclitic behavior. Much has been written about how enclitic words behave in many languages, mostly Indo-European. But this large body of literature has not been applied in any significant way to Chinese. The aim of the present paper is to provide a supplement to the above-mentioned article by presenting a brief guide to literature on enclitic words. Special attention is devoted to one of the first languages for which the phenomenon was studied, perhaps the very first, also the language that is the longest attested in writing of any, ancient Egyptian (§§4 - 9). This article makes reference to both Chinese and Egyptian. It is common to compare Chinese and Egyptian because both exhibit pictorial writing. They also both have very long histories. But which has the longest? Not many articles discuss both Chinese and Egyptian. This is therefore as good a place as any to try to answer the question, which has not been done systematically. It is addressed in an Appendix.
References
[1]
Abel, H. B. A. (1910a). Tonverschmelzung gewisser Wortgruppen im Altaegyptischen.
[2]
Abel, H. B. A. (1910b). Zur Tonverschmelzung im Altaegyptischen. J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung.
[3]
Bierbrier, M. L. (2019). Who Was Who in Egyptology (5th Revised ed.). The Egypt Exploration Society.
[4]
Borghouts, J. (1986). Prominence Constructions and Pragmatic Functions. In Crossroad: Chaos or the Beginning of a New Paradigm: Papers from the Conference on Egyptian Grammar (pp. 45-70). CNI Publications 1, The Carsten Niebuhr Institute.
[5]
Depuydt, L. (1997). Four Thousand Years of Evolution: On a Law of Historical Change in Ancient Egyptian. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 56, 21-35. https://doi.org/10.1086/468497
[6]
Depuydt, L. (2002). Eight Exotic Phenomena of Later Egyptian Explained. In K. Ryholt (Ed.), Acts of the Seventh International Conference of Demotic Studies (pp. 101-129). CNI Publications, 27, The Carsten Niebuhr Institute.
[7]
Erman, A. (1915). Unterschiede zwischen den koptischen Dialekten bei der Wortverbindung. In Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (pp. 180-188). Georg Reimer.
[8]
Gardiner, A. H. (1957). Egyptian Grammar (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
[9]
Gilula, M. (1968). Enclitic Particles in Middle Egyptian. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
[10]
Gilula, M. (1972). Enclitic Particles in Middle Egyptian. Göttinger Miszellen, 2, 53-59.
[11]
Havers, W. (1952). Das indogermanische Enklisengesetz in den Orationen des Missale Romanum. Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik, 9, 397-414.
[12]
Layton, B. (2011). A Coptic Grammar (3rd ed.). First Edition: 2000; Second Edition: 2004, Porta Linguarum Orientalium, Neue Series 20, Harrassowitz.
[13]
Maspero, G. (1910). Review of Abel 1901b. Revue critique d’histoire et de literature, 70, 295-296.
[14]
Oréal, E. (2011). Les particules en égyptien ancien: De l’ancien égyptien à l’égyptien classique. Bibliothèque d’étude 152, Institut français d’Archéologie orientale.
[15]
Polotsky, H. J. (1961). Zur koptischen Wortstellung. Orientalia, 30, 294-313. Reprinted in Id., Collected Papers. Jerusalem: At the Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1971: 398-417.
[16]
Polotsky, H. J. (1987). Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus: Erste Hälfte. American Studies in Papyrology 27, Scholars Press.
[17]
Schulze, W. (1934). Kleine Schriften, zum 70. Geburtstag am 15. Dezember 1933. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Reprint of an Article of 1924.
[18]
Shisha-Halevy, A. (1986). Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53, Pontifical Biblical Institute.
[19]
Sievers, E. (1909). Zur Technik der Wortstellung in den Eddaliedern. Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Klasse der königlich Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 27, 516-550.
[20]
Wackernagel, J. (1892). über ein Gesetz der indogermanischen Wortstellung. Indogermanische Forschungen, 1, 333-436. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110242430.333
[21]
Wackernagel, J. (2020). On a Law of Indo-European Word Order: über ein Gesetz der indogermanischen Wortstellung. Reprint and Trans. Morgan Macleod, Christina Sevdali, and George Walkden. Introduction (pp. 3-19) by George Walkden. Berlin: Language Science Press.
[22]
Wreszinski, W. (1911). Review of Abel 1910b. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 14, 71-73.
