Malnutrition has been reported as a
major factor contributing to the poor outcome of effective ART in HIV
infection. This study aimed to describe the relationship
between the nutritional status and virological outcome of the children attending
the antiretroviral clinic at University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria.
Among the 159 (55.3% males and 44.7% females) children studied, almost half
(42.8%) were orphans and the majority 56.6% were aged 120-180 months old. More than half (74.2%) had achieved viral suppression and
significant associations were observed between viral load and stunting as well
as between CD4 count and the age of the children (P<0.05). The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 27.7%,
9.4%, and 13.6% respectively. These indices reinforce the need for nutrition
education and the provision of food supplements to improve the nutritional
status of children infected with HIV.
References
[1]
Global Nutrition Report (2017) Nourishing the Sustainable Development Goals. Development Initiatives, Bristol, 34.
[2]
Lodha, R. and Kabra, S.K. (2015) Children, Health & Nutritional Status of HIV Infected. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 141, 10-12. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.154486
[3]
Oniyangi, O., Awani, B. and Iregbu, K.C. (2006) The Pattern of Paediatric HIV/ AIDS as Seen at the National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Clinical Practice, 9, 153-158.
[4]
World Health Organization (WHO) (2008) The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva, 16.
[5]
United States Agency for International Development (UNAIDS) (2017) Ending AIDS: Progress towards the 90-90-90 Targets.
[6]
United States Agency for International Development (UNAIDS) (2010) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS.
[7]
Braitstein, P., Brinkhof, M., Dabis, F., et al. (2006) Mortality of HIV-1 Infected Patients in the First Year of Antiretroviral Therapy: Comparison between Low-Income and High-Income Countries. The Lancet, 367, 817-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68337-2
[8]
Bolton-Moore, C., Mubiana-Mbewe, M., Cantrell, R.A., et al. (2007) Clinical Outcomes and CD4 Cell Response in Children Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Primary Healthcare Facilities in Zambia. JAMA, 298, 1888-1899. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.16.1888
[9]
Amosu, A.M., Degun, A.M., Atulomah, N.O.S. and Olanrewju, M.F. (2011) A Study of the Nutritional Status of Under-5 Children of Low-Income Earners in a South-Western Nigerian Community. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3, 578-585.
[10]
World Health Organization (WHO) (2012) Global Monitoring Framework and Strategy for the Global Plan towards the Elimination of New HIV Infections among Children by 2015 and Keeping Their Mothers Alive (EMTCT).
[11]
World Health Organization WHO (2009) Guidelines for an Integrated Approach to the Nutritional Care of HIV-Infected Children (6 Months-14 Years) Preliminary Version for Country Introduction. Geneva.
[12]
Oladokun, R., Brown, B., Aiyetan, P., Ayodele, O. and Osinusi, K. (2009) Comparison of Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Orphans and Non-Orphans among HIV-Positive Children in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13, 462-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2008.08.017
[13]
Naidoo, P., Donenberg, G., et al. (2014) Exploring Risk and Protective Mechanisms Associated with HIV Infection among Adolescents in South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24, 232-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.906080
[14]
ANRS/CNS Groupe d’experts pour la prise en charge du VIH: Prise en charge des situations d’échec virologique 2017. https://cns.sante.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/experts-vih_echec.pdf
[15]
Fokam, J., Billong, S.C., Jogue, F., Moyo Tetang Ndiang, S., Nga Motaze, A.C., Paul, K.N., et al. (2017) Immunovirological Response and Associated Factors amongst HIV-1 Vertically Infected Adolescents in Yaoundé 381 Cameroon. PLoS ONE, 12, e0187566. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187566
[16]
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Blood Safety and HIV: UNAIDS Technical Update 397 1997.
[17]
Fagbamigbe, A.F., Adebowale, A.S. and IkeOluwapo, A. (2019) An Assessment of the Nutritional Status of ART Receiving HIV-Orphaned and Vulnerable Children in South-West Nigeria. Heliyon, 5, e02925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02925
[18]
Akorede, Q.J. and Abiola, O.M. (2013) Assessment of Nutritional Status of Under-Five Children in Akure South Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria. IJRRAS, 14, 671-681. https://www.arpapress.com/Volumes/Vol14Issue3/IJRRAS_14_3_24.pdf
[19]
Ohene, S.A., Addo, N.A., Zigah, F., Newman, M., Lartey, M., Romero, M.A., Ofori, S., Sheriff, T. and Ndanu, T. (2013) Evaluation of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Provision in an Early Cohort of Patients Initiating ART in Ghana. The Pan African Medical Journal, 16, 117. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2013.16.117.3136
[20]
Manyike, P., Chinawa, J., Ubesie, A., Obu, H., Odetunde, O. and Chinawa, A. (2014) Prevalence of Malnutrition among Pre-School Children in, South-East Nigeria. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 40, 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-014-0075-5
[21]
Jayatissa, R. (2012) Determinants of and Interventions for Malnutrition. The Ceylon Medical Journal, 57, 51-55. https://doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v57i1.4209
[22]
Semba, R. and Tang, A. (1999) Micronutrients and the Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. British Journal of Nutrition, 81, 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114599000379
[23]
Center for Disease Control (CDC) (2020) About HIV/AIDS. HIV Basics. HIV/AIDS. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html
[24]
Macallan, D. (1999) Wasting in HIV Infection and AIDS. Journal of Nutrition, 129, 238S-242S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.1.238S
[25]
Fawzi, W. (2003) Micronutrients and HIV-1 Disease Progression among Adults and Children. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37, S112-S116. https://doi.org/10.1086/375882
[26]
Thimmapuram, R., Lanka, S., Esswein, A. and Dall, L. (2019) Correlation of Nutrition with Immune Status in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatients. Missouri Medicine, 116, 336-339.
[27]
Ba, S., Ba, N., Sembene, L., Anne, T., Dia, H., Ndiaye, J., Badiane, N. and Ndour, C. (2020) Factors Associated with Adverse Therapeutic Outcomes in People Living with HIV (PLHIV) Monitored in Roi Baudouin Health Care Center, Dakar, Senegal. World Journal of AIDS, 10, 23-35. https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2020.101003
