Dietary flaxseed and tamoxifen affect the inflammatory microenvironment in vivo in normal human breast tissue of postmenopausal women

Anti-oestrogens such as tamoxifen, decrease the risk of breast cancer but are unsuitable for prevention because of their side-effects. Diet modifications may be a breast cancer prevention strategy. Here, we investigated if a diet addition of flaxseed, which can be converted to the phytoestrogen enterolactone by the gut microbiota, exhibited similar effects as tamoxifen on normal human breast tissue in vivo, with special emphasis on inflammatory mediators implicated in cancer progression