A
teleomorph of the fungus Botryosphaeriarhodina (Berkeley et Curtis) von Arx, (Br) was evaluated as a bioherbicide
for control of giant salvinia (Salviniamolesta D.S. Mitchell) under greenhouse conditions and
in small-scale field trials. We found that fungal mycelium was highly infective
and could be rapidly produced (48+h) in soyflour-cornmeal liquid media
contained in shake flasks or fermenters. A dew period was not required to
achieve infection and mortalityof inoculated plants. A surfactant (Silwet L-77, a
polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyl-trisiloxane) incorporated in the fungal
formulation was required for Br to infect and kill plants. Infection and
mortality occurred rapidly (within 48 h after treatment), and re-growth of
treated plants did not occur. In replicatedfield trials, Br controlled giant salvinia ~95%. Br also infected other plants, such as
common salvinia (S.minima Baker), and Azollafiliculoides Lam., as
determined in ongoing host range research. However, no symptomatology was
References
[1]
Ray, P. and Hill, M.P. (2013) Microbial Agents for Control of Aquatic Weeds and Their Role in Integrated Management. CAB Reviews, 8, 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20138014
[2]
Westbrooks, R. (2010) Statement of Dr. Randy Westbrooks, Invasive Species Prevention Specialist, U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, before the House Committee on Natural Resources Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs Oversight Hearing on Efforts to Control and Eradicate Giant Salvinia, June 27, 2010.
[3]
Johnson, D. (1995) Giant salvinia Found in South Carolina. Aquatics, 17, 22.
[4]
Broom, B. (2018) Barnett Reservoir Board Takes Serious Action to Combat Invasive Giant Salvinia: Invasive Aquatic Plant Threatens Popular Lake. Mississippi Clarion Ledger, October 18, 2018.
[5]
Peck, J.H. (2011) New and Noteworthy Additions to the Arkansas Fern Flora. Phytoneuron, 30, 1-33.
[6]
Bailey, J.D. (2020) Invasive Plant Species Giant Salvinia Found in Lake Columbia. Magnolia (AR) Banner News, January 6, 2020.
[7]
Holm, L., Plucknett, D., Pancho, J. and Herberger, J. (1977) The World’s Worst Weeds—Distribution and Biology. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 609 p.
[8]
Thomas, P.A. and Room, P.M. (1986) Taxonomy and Control of Salvinia molesta. Nature, 320, 581-584. https://doi.org/10.1038/320581a0
[9]
Pancho, J.V. and Soerjani, M. (1978) Aquatic Weeds of Southeast Asia. National Publication Cooperative, Quezon City.
[10]
Creagh, C. (1991) A Marauding Weed in Check. Ecos, 70, 26-29.
[11]
Lounibos, L.P., Larson, V.L. and Morris, C.D. (1990) Parity, Fecundity, and Body Size of Mansonia dyari in Florida. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 6, 121-126.
[12]
Room, P.M. and Julien, M.H. (1995) Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell. In: Groves, R.H., Shepherd, R.C.H. and Richardson, R.G., Eds., The Biology of Australian Weeds, Volume 1, R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Melbourne, 217-230.
[13]
Van Oosterhout, E. (2006) Salvinia Control Manual—Management and Control Options for Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) in Australia. NSW Department of Primary Industries.
[14]
Glomski, L.M. and Getsinger (2006) Carfentrazone-ethyl for Control of Giant Salvinia. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 44, 136-138.
[15]
Anonymous (2009) Louisiana Chemical Weed Management Guide. Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Publication No. 165, 192 p.
[16]
Glomski, L.M. and Mudge, C.R. (2013) Effect of Subsurface and Foliar Applications of Bispyribac-Sodium on Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce, and Giant Salvinia. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 51, 62-65.
[17]
Mitchell, D.S. and Tur, N.M. (1975) The Rate of Growth of Salvinia molesta (S. auriculata Auct.) in Laboratory and Natural Conditions. Journal of Applied Ecology, 12, 213-225. https://doi.org/10.2307/2401730
[18]
Center, T.D., Tipping, P.W., Goolsby, J.A. and Everitt, J.H. (2001) Attack on Giant Salvinia. USDA-ARS Publication.
https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2001/nov/giant/
[19]
Forno, I.W. (1983) Native Distribution of the Salvinia auriculata Complex and Keys to Species Identification. Aquatic Botany, 17, 71-83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(83)90019-0
[20]
Forno, I.W., Sands, D.P.A. and Sexton, W. (1983) Distribution, Biology, and Host Specificity of Cyrotobagous singularis (Hustache) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), for the Biological Control of Salvinia molesta (Mitchell). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 73, 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300013821
[21]
Flores, D. and Carlson, J.W. (2006) Biological Control of Giant Salvinia in East Texas Waterways and the Impact on Dissolved Oxygen Levels. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 44, 115-121.
[22]
Tipping, P.W. and Center, T.D. (2003) Cyrtobagous salviniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Successfully Overwinters in Texas and Louisiana. Florida Entomolology, 86, 92-93. https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0092:CSCCSO]2.0.CO;2
[23]
Tipping, P.W. and Center, T.D. (2005) Influence of Plant Size and Species on Preference of Cyrtobagous salviniae Adults from Two Populations. Biological Control, 32, 263-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.10.005
[24]
Tipping, P.W., Martin, M.R., Center, T.D. and Davern, T.M. (2008) Suppression of Salvinia molesta Mitchell in Texas and Louisiana by Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands. 2008. Aquatic Botany, 88, 196-202.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.10.010
[25]
Parys, K.A. and Johnson, S.J. (2013) Biological Control of Common Salvinia (Salvinia minima) in Louisiana Using Cyrtobagous salviniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Florida Entomologist, 96, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.096.0102
[26]
Lumbsch, T.H. and Huhndorf, S.M. (2007) Outline of Ascomycota—2007. Myconet, The Field Museum, Department of Botany, Chicago, 13, 1-58.
Sandrin, T.R., TeBeest, D.O. and Weidemann, G.J. (2003) Soybean and Sunflower Oils Increase the Infectivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene to Northern Jointvetch. Biological Control, 26, 244-252.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00156-1
[29]
Steele, R.G.D., Torrey, J.H. and Dickeys, D.A. (1997) Multiple Comparisons. In: Principles and Procedures of Statistics—A Biometrical Approach, McGraw Hill, New York, 365.
