The 24-Quadruplet Genetic Code: Merits Of The Projected Quadruplet Codons, From Combinatorial Perspective

Statement of the Problem: Triplet codons have held sway since 1954, when the 64-triplet genetic code emerged as the mathematical solution to the molecular biologists’ quest for producing at least 20 code words from 4 nucleotide bases to account for their observation in 1953 that the sequence of the four bases in the nucleus of a cell influenced the sequence of the twenty amino acids of a protein in the surrounding cellular cytoplasm. The 64 triplet codons then formed the genetic code, derived from a sequence of the four bases. The genetic code is ridden with several irregularities which are only widely discussed in genetics literature without remedies, apart from bogus[a1] theories[a2], like the wobble phenomenon, frozen accident etc for their explanation. Methodology and theoretical orientation: Square kinematics scheme, a new technique for computing permutations of 4 from 4 by view mixing is presented in consideration of the fact that the problem of generating at least 20 code words from 4 bases is combinatorial, bordering on permutations of 4 from 4 i.e -4P 4 = 4!=4x3x2x1=24 quadruplets. Findings: 24-quadruplet codons, representing a 24-quadruplet genetic code sequence (structure) produced[a3].. Conclusion and significance: A 24-quadruplet genetic code free from irregularities produced from a sequence of the four nucleotide bases in response to the molecular biologists’ quest of 1953 to raise a code to typify the observed relationship between the four nucleotide bases and the twenty amino acids of protein. The 24 quadruplets of this new genetic code structure represent the ‘workforce’ in protein synthesis, where 20 codons take charge of the placement of 20 amino acids in a sequence corresponding to theirs at one codon per amino acid, with four spare codons for four place/time based start/stop control signals. Recommendation: Experimental experts to take the challenge of spelling the new 24-quadruplet genetic code to render it fit for adoption [a4]. Keywords: Quadruplet Codons; Permutations; Four; Twenty; Twenty-Four