The roles of the Na+/K+‐ATPase, NKCC, and K+ channels in regulating local sweating and cutaneous blood flow during exercise in humans in？vivo

Na+/K+‐ATPase has been shown to regulate the sweating and cutaneous vascular responses during exercise; however, similar studies have not been conducted to assess the roles of the Na‐K‐2Cl co‐transporter (NKCC) and K+ channels. Additionally, it remains to be determined if these mechanisms underpinning the heat loss responses differ with exercise intensity. Eleven young (24 ± 4 years) males performed three 30‐min semirecumbent cycling bouts at low (30% VO 2peak), moderate (50% VO 2peak), and high (70% VO 2peak) intensity, respectively, each separated by 20‐min recovery periods. Using intradermal microdialysis, four forearm skin sites were continuously perfused with either: (1) lactated Ringer solution (Control); (2) 6 mmol·L？1 ouabain (Na+/K+‐ATPase inhibitor); (3) 10 mmol·L？1 bumetanide (NKCC inhibitor); or (4) 50 mmol·L？1 BaCl2 (nonspecific K+ channel inhibitor); sites at which we assessed local sweat rate (LSR) and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). Inhibition of Na+/K+‐ATPase attenuated LSR compared to Control during the moderate and high‐intensity exercise bouts (both P ？ 0.01), whereas attenuations with NKCC and K+ channel inhibition were only apparent during the high‐intensity exercise bout (both P ≤ 0.05). Na+/K+‐ATPase inhibition augmented CVC during all exercise intensities (all P ？ 0.01), whereas CVC was greater with NKCC inhibition during the low‐intensity exercise only (P ？ 0.01) and attenuated with K+ channel inhibition during the moderate and high‐intensity exercise conditions (both P ？ 0.01). We show that Na+/K+‐ATPase, NKCC and K+ channels all contribute to the regulation of sweating and cutaneous blood flow but their influence is dependent on the intensity of dynamic exercise