High-density lipoprotein ameliorates palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity and oxidative dysfunction in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells via ROS suppression

PA increased oxidative stress and induced cell death in H9c2 cells. a H9c2 cells were treated with PA at different concentrations for 24 or 48？h. Cells viability was measured by MTT assay. b H9c2 cells were incubated with PA (0.5？mM) for 24？h. Cells were stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. H9c2 cells were treated with PA (0.5？mM) for 24？h followed by 1？h incubation with fluorescent probe (c) DCF-AM (10？μM) (d) DHE (10？μM) (e) MitoSOX？ (5？μM). Fluorescence intensity of cells was measured by flow cytometry. H9c2 cells were treated with PA (0.5？mM) for indicated time. f The levels of NADPH oxidase (Nox2-gp91, p47phox, Rac) and (g) antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, SOD2) were measured by Western blot. Data showed the means ± SEM of 3 independent analyses.*p？<？0.05 and **p？<？0.01 compared with the contro