Higher Risk of Light-Induced Retinal Damage Due to Increase of Intraocular Irradiance by Endoillumination

Endoilluminators with two different angular distribution profiles in air (n？=？1.0) and 0.9% NaCl solution (n？=？1.33). In a (air) and b (water), a handheld 23G wide-angle endoilluminator from Geuder (GH) is illustrated. In c (air) and d (0.9% NaCl solution), a 23G spotlight endoilluminator from Alcon (AH) is imaged. The radiation angles are smaller in wate